Particulate and gaseous emissions from manually and automatically fired small scale combustion systems

Schmidl, Christoph; Luisser, Markus; Padouvas, Emmanuel; Lasselsberger, L.; Rzaca, M.; Cruz, C. Ramírez-Santa; Handler, Markus; Ge, Peng; Bauer, Heidi; Puxbaum, Hans

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.006

Cited by 189 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…MacCarty et al, 2007;Roden et al, 2006Roden et al, , 2009, i.e. incorporate emission measurements of diluted samples, and have been recently compared and updated for Europe Pettersson et al, 2011;Schmidl et al, 2011;Tissari et al, 2008Tissari et al, , 2009, specifically for modern stoves and boilers; Asia (Cao et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2009;Habib et al, 2008;Li et al, 2009;Parashar et al, 2005;Venkataraman et al, 2005;Zhi et al, 2008Zhi et al, , 2009; and Latin America (Johnson et al, 2008).…”

Section: Residential Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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Section: Residential Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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“…These old-technology appliances generally produce higher amounts of particulate emissions than modern-technology pellet boilers , and additionally, their emissions have elicited significant negative effects in vitro , Tapanainen et al 2012. In contrast, it has been shown that nearly complete combustion of high-quality wood pellets in domestic appliances results in low particulate matter (PM) emissions (Schmidl et al 2011;Lamberg et al 2013) and that these emissions cause typically mild to moderate toxic effects in vitro and in vivo Happo et al 2013). A switch from old-technology domestic appliances to new-technology appliances would thus lead to an overall reduction of harmful PM emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological characterization of particulate emissions from straw,Miscanthus, and poplar pellet combustion in residential boilers

Kasurinen

Jalava

Uski

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Wood pellets have been used in domestic heating appliances for three decades. However, because the share of renewable energy for heating will likely rise over the next several years, alternative biomass fuels, such as short-rotation coppice or energy crops, will be utilized. We tested particulate emissions from the combustion of standard softwood pellets and three alternative pellets (poplar, Miscanthus sp., and wheat straw) for their ability to induce inflammatory, cytotoxic, and genotoxic responses in a mouse macrophage cell line. Our results showed clear differences in the chemical composition of the emissions, which was reflected in the toxicological effects. Standard softwood and straw pellet combustion resulted in the lowest PM 1 mass emissions. Miscanthus sp. and poplar combustion emissions were approximately three times higher. Emissions from the herbaceous biomass pellets contained higher amounts of chloride and organic carbon than the emissions from standard softwood pellet combustion. Additionally, the emissions of the poplar pellet combustion contained the highest concentration of metals. The emissions from the biomass alternatives caused significantly higher genotoxicity than the emissions from the standard softwood pellets. Moreover, straw pellet emissions caused higher inflammation than the other samples. Regarding cytotoxicity, the differences between the samples were smaller. Relative toxicity was generally highest for the poplar and Miscanthus sp. samples, as their emission factors were much higher. Thus, in addition to possible technical problems, alternative pellet materials may cause higher emissions and toxicity. The long-term use of alternative fuels in residential-scale appliances will require technological developments in both burners and filtration. EDITORTiina Reponen

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“…The GAINS methodology to estimate BC emissions from residential combustion draws on Kupiainen and Klimont (2007). The emission factors aim to reflect real world emissions, i.e., incorporate emission measurements of diluted samples, and have been recently updated for Europe Pettersson et al, 2011;Schmidl et al, 2011;Tissari et al, 2008Tissari et al, , 2009, specifically for modern stoves and boilers, and Asia (Cao et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2009;Habib et al, 2008;Li et al, 2009;Parashar et al, 2005;Venkataraman, 2005;Zhi et al, 2008Zhi et al, , 2009. Activity data on solid fuel combustion in the residential sector originates from the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2011), EUROSTAT, national statistics and contacts with national experts, for example during stakeholder consultation within the revision of the European Union National Emission Ceiling Directive (http://ec.…”

Section: Emission Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions

et al. 2013

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Arctic haze is a seasonal phenomenon with high concentrations of accumulation-mode aerosols occurring in the Arctic in winter and early spring. Chemistry transport models and climate chemistry models struggle to reproduce this phenomenon, and this has recently prompted changes in aerosol removal schemes to remedy the modeling problems. In this paper, we show that shortcomings in current emission data sets are at least as important. We perform a 3 yr model simulation of black carbon (BC) with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The model is driven with a new emission data set ("ECLIPSE emissions") which includes emissions from gas flaring. While gas flaring is estimated to contribute less than 3% of global BC emissions in this data set, flaring dominates the estimated BC emissions in the Arctic (north of 66° N). Putting these emissions into our model, we find that flaring contributes 42% to the annual mean BC surface concentrations in the Arctic. In March, flaring even accounts for 52% of all Arctic BC near the surface. Most of the flaring BC remains close to the surface in the Arctic, so that the flaring contribution to BC in the middle and upper troposphere is small. Another important factor determining simulated BC concentrations is the seasonal variation of BC emissions from residential combustion (often also called domestic combustion, which is used synonymously in this paper). We have calculated daily residential combustion emissions using the heating degree day (HDD) concept based on ambient air temperature and compare results from model simulations using emissions with daily, monthly and annual time resolution. In January, the Arctic-mean surface concentrations of BC due to residential combustion emissions are 150% higher when using daily emissions than when using annually constant emissions. While there are concentration reductions in summer, they are smaller than the winter increases, leading to a systematic increase of annual mean Arctic BC surface concentrations due to residential combustion by 68% when using daily emissions. A large part (93%) of this systematic increase can be captured also when using monthly emissions; the increase is compensated by a decreased BC burden at lower latitudes. In a comparison with BC measurements at six Arctic stations, we find that using daily-varying residential combustion emissions and introducing gas flaring emissions leads to large improvements of the simulated Arctic BC, both in terms of mean concentration levels and simulated seasonality. Case studies based on BC and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements from the Zeppelin observatory appear to confirm flaring as an important BC source that can produce pollution plumes in the Arctic with a high BC / CO enhancement ratio, as expected for this source type. BC measurements taken during a research ship cruise in the White, Barents and Kara seas north of the region with strong flaring emissions reveal very high concentrations of the order of 200–400 ng m⁻³. The model underestimates these concentr...

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Particulate and gaseous emissions from manually and automatically fired small scale combustion systems

Cited by 189 publications

References 45 publications

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Toxicological characterization of particulate emissions from straw,Miscanthus, and poplar pellet combustion in residential boilers

Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions

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