Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Abstract

Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

Global radiative effects of solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions

“…Global anthropogenic emissions are from the IIASA (International Institute for Applied System Analysis) Greenhouse Gas-Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) integrated assessment model ECLIPSE V5a (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-lived Pollutants version 5a) for the year 2010 (Amann et al, 2011(Amann et al, , 2013Klimont et al, 2017;Stohl et al, 2015). Species in ECLIPSE V5a include BC, POM, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and ammonium, with their annual global budgets for the year 2010 shown in Table 1.…”

Source influence on emission pathways and ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution over India (2015–2050)

“…However, considering the uncertainties associated with quantification of biomass use and emission factors (e.g., Bond et al, 2004;Klimont et al, 2009Klimont et al, , 2017Venkataraman et al, 25 2010) the differences are acceptable. The future evolution of emissions of BC and OC shows similar features among the studies with S2 comparable to ECLIPSE V5a and S3 to IEA (2016), however the S3 scenario brings much stronger reduction due to faster phase-out of kerosene for lighting and stronger reduction of biomass used for cooking; the latter feature is especially visible for emissions of OC (Fig 2d,g).…”

Targeted emission reductions from global super-polluting power plant units

“…Accompanying the growth of fossil energy use, greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions from the power sector have also surged [6][7][8][9][10] : globally, the power sector accounted for ~40% of energy-related CO 2 emissions, ~7% of primary PM 2.5 (fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μ m or less) emissions, ~48% of SO 2 emissions and ~28% of NO x emissions in 2010 [11][12][13] . SO 2 and NO x can be oxidized to secondary PM 2.5 in the atmosphere, which in turn has large impacts on air quality, health and climate [14][15][16] .…”