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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Binding Mechanisms of Agglomerates 2.1. Tensile Strength of Agglomerates Derived from Attractive Forces 2.2. Attractive Forces in Size Enlargement in Air 2.2.1. Electrostatic Forces 2.2.2. Van der Waals Forces 2.2.3. Capillary Forces 2.2.4. Solid Bridges 2.2.5. Influence of Particle Surface Roughness on Binding 2.2.6. Strengthening of Binding Forces 2.3. Attractive Forces of Particles in a Liquid Medium 2.3.1. DLVO theory 2.3.2. Flocculation by Polymeric Flocculants 3. Characterization of Agglomerates 3.1. Particle Size, Particle Size Distribution 3.2. Agglomerate Density and Porosity 3.2.1. Definition 3.2.2. Densities 3.2.3. Porosities 3.3. Agglomerate Strength 3.4. Redispersion 4. Size Enlargement Processes 4.1. Growth Agglomeration (Pelletization) 4.1.1. Agglomeration Kinetics 4.1.2. Pan and Drum Agglomeration 4.1.3. Mixer and Fluidized Bed Agglomeration 4.1.3.1. Pan and Drum Mixers 4.1.3.2. Horizontal Mixers 4.1.3.3. High‐Speed Mixers 4.1.3.4. Fluidized‐Bed Agglomeration 4.2. Agglomerate Formation from Moist Material 4.2.1. Introduction 4.2.2. Agglomeration Equipment for Plastic Materials 4.3. Drying Processes 4.3.1. Atomization Drying 4.3.1.1. Fundamentals of Atomization Drying 4.3.1.2. Fluidized‐Bed Spray Drying 4.3.1.3. Combination Processes 4.3.2. Contact Drying 4.3.3. Vacuum Drying 4.4. Spherical Agglomeration 4.5. Pressure Agglomeration 4.5.1. Compression Equations 4.5.2. Stamp Presses 4.5.3. Roller Presses 4.5.4. Tableting 4.5.4.1. Tableting Equipment 4.5.4.2. Tablet Pressing 4.5.4.3. Tableting Problems 4.5.4.4. Effect of Compression Rate and Humidity
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Binding Mechanisms of Agglomerates 2.1. Tensile Strength of Agglomerates Derived from Attractive Forces 2.2. Attractive Forces in Size Enlargement in Air 2.2.1. Electrostatic Forces 2.2.2. Van der Waals Forces 2.2.3. Capillary Forces 2.2.4. Solid Bridges 2.2.5. Influence of Particle Surface Roughness on Binding 2.2.6. Strengthening of Binding Forces 2.3. Attractive Forces of Particles in a Liquid Medium 2.3.1. DLVO theory 2.3.2. Flocculation by Polymeric Flocculants 3. Characterization of Agglomerates 3.1. Particle Size, Particle Size Distribution 3.2. Agglomerate Density and Porosity 3.2.1. Definition 3.2.2. Densities 3.2.3. Porosities 3.3. Agglomerate Strength 3.4. Redispersion 4. Size Enlargement Processes 4.1. Growth Agglomeration (Pelletization) 4.1.1. Agglomeration Kinetics 4.1.2. Pan and Drum Agglomeration 4.1.3. Mixer and Fluidized Bed Agglomeration 4.1.3.1. Pan and Drum Mixers 4.1.3.2. Horizontal Mixers 4.1.3.3. High‐Speed Mixers 4.1.3.4. Fluidized‐Bed Agglomeration 4.2. Agglomerate Formation from Moist Material 4.2.1. Introduction 4.2.2. Agglomeration Equipment for Plastic Materials 4.3. Drying Processes 4.3.1. Atomization Drying 4.3.1.1. Fundamentals of Atomization Drying 4.3.1.2. Fluidized‐Bed Spray Drying 4.3.1.3. Combination Processes 4.3.2. Contact Drying 4.3.3. Vacuum Drying 4.4. Spherical Agglomeration 4.5. Pressure Agglomeration 4.5.1. Compression Equations 4.5.2. Stamp Presses 4.5.3. Roller Presses 4.5.4. Tableting 4.5.4.1. Tableting Equipment 4.5.4.2. Tablet Pressing 4.5.4.3. Tableting Problems 4.5.4.4. Effect of Compression Rate and Humidity
Water-dispersible Granules (WGs) and Wettable Powder (WP) are two important types of agrochemical formulations. The combined shares of WG and WP formulations by volume were 30 % among all the agrochemical formulation types in 2007. WG formulation is continuously increasing in share as a safer and greener formulation type. Both formulation compositions and formulation process affect the performance of WG and WP. This research demonstrated a concise and systematic approach to develop WG via low pressure extrusion process and WP blade-mixer blending process in the laboratory. Specifically, Captan technical as a model active ingredient was formulated together with polymeric dispersants, alkyl sodium sulfosuccinate wetting agents, and Kaolin clay diluents under controlled process conditions. The formulated samples were investigated in suspension stability, disintegration behavior, particle size, and granule morphology, and their composition-structure-performance relationships were discussed.
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