Particle pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Increase and decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human lung cells

Abstract

Particle pollution from urban and industrialized regions in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil was analyzed for toxic and pro-inflammatory (cytokines: IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Trace elements contribution was studied. Airborne particulate matter was collected at: three industrial sites Ind-1 (PM10) and Ind-2a and 2b (PM2.5); Centro urban area (PM10) and two rural sites (PM2.5, PM10). PM10 acetone extracts were toxic and did not elicit cytokine release; aqueous extracts were less toxic and stimulated the release of IL-6 and IL-8. PM2.5 aqueous extracts from Ind-2 decreased the release of IL-6 and IL-8. Zinc concentration was higher at the industrial and rural reference sites (Ref-1-2) although metals were not associated to cytokines changes. These results demonstrate that PM from RJ can either increase or decrease cytokine secretion in vitro while being site specific and time dependent.

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“…The specific abundance, mixture and combination of metals can induce or alter cytokine secretions by cells. Cytokine release suppressed by metals can affect the signaling for a biological response (Rodriguez-Cotto et al, 2014). Both polar and nonpolar extracts were evaluated for cytokine secretion (IL-6 and IL-8) by BEAS-2B after 24 h extract exposure.…”

“…This is an opposite effect of what is normally reported for particulate matter extracts and its metal contents. Particulate matter samples from Río de Janeiro, Brazil were previously analyzed showing an increase and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (Rodríguez-Cotto et al, 2014). The effect on IL-8 was similar to that of IL-6 with B100 (50 μg mL -1 ) sample, however, it was more profound because the levels are significantly higher with DF (50 μmol L -1 ) (Figure 3).…”

“…Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC ® CRL-9609™). Cells were cultured according to ATCC protocols with a slight modification using Keratinocyte growth medium (KGM-2, Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA), maintained at 37 °C in humidified atmosphere of 5 % CO 2 and used at passages 44-59 as previously reported (Rodríguez-Cotto et al, 2014). The cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 10 4 cells per well onto 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h. The extracts were diluted in cell media at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg mL -1 and used to expose cells for 24 h. An additional set of cells (n = 3) was concurrently exposed to extracts pre-treated with deferoxamine mesylate (DF, Sigma, Cat No D9533), a metal chelator, at a final concentration of 50 μmol L -1 .…”

“…Standard curves for each cytokine were plotted employing a 5-paremeter logistic fit (5-PL). This procedure has been previously used and reported by our laboratory (Rodríguez-Cotto et al, 2014). …”

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“…However, Mostafavi et al19 have shown that long-term exposure to NOx was associated with a lower rate of IL2, IL8, IL10 and TNFα. Finally, a toxicological study in Rio de Janeiro showed that suspended particles can either increase or decrease the secretion of cytokines in vitro in the case of human bronchial epithelial cells 20. To date, the relationship between exposure to air pollution and cytokines in rural settings has been rarely investigated 15.…”