Particle beam sample introduction into glow discharge plasmas for speciation analysis

HPLC in Natural Product Analysis: The Detection Issue

“…The advantage of such devices was the possibility to generate electron impact (EI) spectra, for example, for flavonoids [83], but they suffered from many other disadvantages and were abandoned. Another more modern "transport-type" interface in LC-MS is the particle beam [84], but it has scarcely been applied to natural products analysis. A new generation of direct-EI interfaces coupled to nano-HPLC seems promising for generating such information-rich types of spectra [85].…”

Simultaneous multielement detection in particle beam/hollow cathode-optical emission spectroscopy

“…1) was used to introduce the sample into the hollow cathode glow discharge source [7]. This interface consists of a thermoconcentric nebulizer, a desolvation chamber, and a two-stage momentum separator.…”

“…These techniques lack the ability to detect non-metals such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen with high sensitivity due to constant backgrounds in/from the plasma [7,8], particularly when they are present in the chromatographic mobile phases. Common tools in proteomics, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization MS (ESI MS) provide fundamental information as it applies to proteins, but these techniques only give the molecular information and do not readily yield the inorganic/elemental information needed to gather a full picture of the protein-metal interaction [9].…”

“…This laboratory has previously developed a liquid chromatography-particle beam/hollow cathode-optical emission spectrometer (LC-PB/HC-OES) that can analyze inorganic and/or organic samples, providing empirical formulas based on element ratios (including C, H, N, O, S, and metals), with detection limits on the single ng mL − 1 level and below [10][11][12][13]. The PB/HC-OES system combines the excitation properties of a glow discharge (GD) source with the solvent removal capabilities of the particle beam (PB) to allow dry analyte particles to reach the hollow cathode (HC) GD region [7]. Use of the PB allows work in an inert (discharge gas) atmosphere plasma, in the absence of solvent remnants, which makes it possible to detect "gaseous" elements and non-metals such as C, H, N, O, S, and P with high sensitivity.…”

Innovation in Plasma Atomic Spectrometry from the Direct Current Arc to Plasmas on a Chip

“…Accordingly, it will remain a continuous source of innovation for atomic spectroscopy for the forthcoming years. For element-specific detection in liquid chromatography, the use of particle beam hollow cathode glow discharges under reduced pressure has been extensively investigated by Marcus, et al 33 Glow discharges can also be operated at atmospheric pressure. This was demonstrated by Cserfalvi and his colleagues, 34 who some years ago first described a source with which it is possible to use an electrolyte solution as the cathode of a glow discharge at atmospheric pressure.…”