Participation or involvement? Development of forest strategies on national and sub-national level in Germany

Civil society participation in REDD+ and FLEGT processes: Case study analysis from Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia and the Republic of Congo

“…through semi-direct to indirect participation) that are recognised in these countries, wider participation depends on the process and the way these platforms have been organised, including the rules and criteria for membership, institutional and organisational structures of CSOs and platforms, internal accountability and selection process etc. Furthermore, as reflected in the analysis of individual countries, although civil society groups are represented in the steering committee for REDD+ and VPA and other working groups, there are sometimes questions whether or how representatives represent the views of civil society organisations, the people they claim to represent, or just represent themselves (see also , Weber, 2017;Johansson, 2016). In some cases, civil society representatives are picked by the government, which can not only create distrust and division between the civil society but is also an important barrier to genuine participation and effective representation (cf.…”

“…In particular, there is a plethora of empirical studies assessing community participation in forest management (for example, Shrestha and Shrestha 2017;Green and Lund, 2015;Secco et al, 2014). There are also growing empirical studies (including recent publications in the Forest Policy and Economics) that examine the effectiveness of participatory processes in the formulation of national and regional forest policies or forestry reforms (Balest et al, 2017;Johansson, 2016;Tikkanen, 2017;Weber, 2017;Lund, 2015;Tender and Kaimre, 2017); implementation of conservation programmes (Brescancin et al, 2017) or in the urban forest planning process (Kangas et al, 2014;Kozova et al, 2017).…”

“…It is important to pay closer attention to 'who is participating, in what and for whose benefit' (Cornwall, 2008, p. 269). In the assessment of civil society participation, it is obvious that it is the civil society actors of various types that need to be understood and identified, including mapping of their interests, influence and relationships with the government and each other (White, 1996;Weber, 2017;Atela, 2016). Civil society is defined as the network of individuals and groups (both formal and informal) -their connections, social norms and practices -that comprise the activities of a society and that are separate from its state and market institutions (IAIA, 2006).…”

“…direct, semidirect or indirect) participation can occur (e.g. representation of some NGOs by their federations through working groups; or understanding who these civil societies represent or are accountable to (Borrinni-Feyerabend, 1997;Weber, 2017).…”

Типологічне Різноманіття Лісів На Водозборі Річки Сіверський Донець На Території Луганської Області

“…Найбільшу площу займають степи, понад 87% території області (Rehionalna dopovid…, 2015). Дослідження типологічного різноманіття (Tkach, Bondar, 2015;Bondar, 2016) та біологічного різноманіття лісових насаджень актуальне не тільки для України (Pasternak et al, 2011;Zibtsev et al, 2012), але й закордоном в Європі (Barbati et al, 2014;Kovač et al, 2016), США (Paula et al, 2017), Індії (Chandra et аl., 2010), Королівство Таїланд (Miki et al, 2017), Латвії (Rendenieks et al, 2015), Німеччини (Weber, 2017), Бразилії (Kröger, 2017) та інших державах. З метою підвищення рівня життя людей та збереження довкілля планети необхідно вести лісове господарство на засадах сталого розвитку, яке забезпечувало безперервність виконання лісами еколого-економічних функцій.…”