Participation in marijuana, cocaine and heroin consumption in Australia: a multivariate probit approach

Srivastava, Preety; Zhao, Xueyan

doi:10.1080/00036840701522853

Cited by 20 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, empirical evidence is mixed, with some papers nding that consumption of marijuana causally increases the demand for other drugs (e.g. DeSimone, 1998;Ramful and Zhao, 2009), while others nd no eect (e.g. Van Ours, 2003;Morral et al, 2002;Chu, 2013), and some even indicating that marijuana is a substitute to the consumption of other drugs(e.g.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime

2014

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We examine the eect of medical marijuana laws (MML) on crime treating the introduction of MML as a quasi-experiment and using three dierent data sources. First, using data from the Uniform Crime Reports, we nd that violent crimes such as homicides and robberies decrease in states that border Mexico after MML are introduced. Second, using Supplementary Homicide Reports' data we show that for homicides the decrease is the result of a drop in drug-law and juvenile-gang related homicides. Lastly, using STRIDE data, we show that the introduction of MML in Mexican border states decreases the amount of cocaine seized, while it increases the price of cocaine. Our results are consistent with the theory that decriminalization of small-scale production and distribution of marijuana harms Mexican drug tracking organizations, whose revenues are highly reliant on marijuana sales. The drop in drug-related crimes suggests that the introduction of MML in Mexican border states lead to a decrease in their activity in those states. Our results survive a large variety of robustness checks. Extrapolating from our results, this indicates that decriminalization of the production and distribution of drugs may lead to a drop in violence in markets where organized crime is pushed out by licit competition. * Michael Braun, the former chief of operations for the D.E.A., told me a story about the construction of a high-tech fence along a stretch of border in Arizona. "They erect this fence," he said, "only to go out there a few days later and discover that these guys have a catapult, and they're inging hundred-pound bales of marijuana over to the other side." He paused and looked at me for a second. "A catapult," he repeated. "We've got the best fence money can buy, and they counter us with a 2,500-year-old technology." New York Times, Keefe (2012)

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Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Price data also indicates that MML has had a negative impact on Mexican DTOs. The quality-adjusted price of marijuana has decreased by 6 percent in the period 2009(UNODC, 2014. However, to our knowledge a statistical analysis linking MML to criminal activity of Mexican DTOs within the US is still lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime

2014

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“…Other studies are able to look at selective subgroups of users. For example, Ramful and Zhao (2009) find that marijuana prices are significantly associated with the probability of using marijuana for individuals who also use cocaine and heroin, not for the unconditional sample of marijuana users. It is possible that this represents compositional effects of the population that reports having used marijuana in the previous year (which is what they estimate).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A rather extensive international literature also exists examining the effects of various aspects of the full price of marijuana on prevalence rates (Ramful and Zhao, 2009;Williams 2004;Williams and Mahmoudi, 2004;Zhao and Harris, 2004;Clements and Daryal, 2003;Cameron and Williams, 2001), although relatively few explicitly examine use rates among youth (age <=18). This makes it difficult to compare findings from this literature for youth in particular, so we review most of these studies later when discussing findings from the general using population.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Studies exploiting variation in state-level marijuana prices identified through law enforcement activities in Australia have generally shown demand to be sensitive to these variables, although in many cases there is important variation across subgroups of the population by gender and other substances used (Clements and Zhao, 2009;Ramful and Zhao, 2009;Williams and Mahmoudi, 2004;Williams 2004;Cameron and Williams, 2001). In all of these cases, prevalence is estimated in terms of annual prevalence rates, which is a bit inconsistent with our definition of regular user.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Examining the Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Marijuana Consumption: Insights from the Economics Literature

Pacula¹

2010

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A central question in the debate regarding the legalization of marijuana in California is whether consumption would rise and by how much. In this report, we review the economics literature which provides insights regarding how consumption might change and why. A key finding of the review is that the current state of the literature is limited, having not yet fully explored how average consumption among existing users will change in response to changes in price and legal risks. However, information regarding the prevalence of marijuana, both in terms of new users as well as regular users, is available. A review of this literature is considered in terms of the responsiveness of marijuana initiation, regular use and heavy use to changes in the price of marijuana, enforcement risk, decriminalization and other legal risks. From this review it is clear that total consumption will rise in response to legalization due to increases in the number of new users, increases in the number of regular and heavy users, and probable increases in the duration in which marijuana is consumed for average users. 2 I. IntroductionA vast literature has developed over the past twenty years examining the etiology of and factors influencing marijuana consumption. A variety of disciplines have contributed to the development of this literature, including sociology, psychology, epidemiology, criminology, and economics, all emphasizing different factors that are important for influencing the decision to use marijuana. The economics literature, in particular, has focused on examining the relative importance of changes in price and income as determinants of the decision to use marijuana and length of use careers. Now, with the current debate regarding the legalization of marijuana in California, the findings from this economics literature in particular have found themselves at the center of the debate, as it lends important insights into what could happen to marijuana consumption in California if the voters decide to legalize marijuana. Legalization is expected to significantly influence the monetary price people have to pay to obtain marijuana, as currently with the prohibition, there is a black market risk premium that is added to the cost of providing marijuana to the market and this risk premium will no longer exist (see Caulkins 2010 for a careful description of this). So, with the expected decline in the price consumers have to pay for marijuana, how is consumption likely to change?The price elasticity of demand is typically used by economists to describe how consumption changes in response to a change in the price of any good or service. In particular, it tells you the percent change in consumption associated with a 1% change in price, and is derived by examining small changes along a single market demand curve. Market demand curves represent the aggregation of individual choices of quantities of the good consumed at various price points that could be observed in the market, holding all non-price determinants of consumption constant...

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Improving targeting of farmers for enrollment in agri‐environmental programs

Duke

Johnston

Shober

et al. 2022

Applied Eco Perspectives Pol

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Agricultural cost-share research and planning tend to focus on one program at a time, and hence overlook additional efficiencies that might be obtained by considering the possibility that enrollment decisions are related across different programs. Models of multipleprogram participation decisions enable these relationships to be considered as part of conditional enrollment predictions, providing more complete and accurate understanding of enrollment behavior. Analysis of data from farmer surveys in Maryland and Ohio show complementary drivers across program participation. Results are consistent with economies of scale and/or scope among different agri-environmental programs.The data also show the gains in prediction accuracy when the model accounts for participation in other programs, thereby enabling improved targeting and program design. For instance, enrollment in commoditytype programs causes a much larger marginal increase (12.6%) in the probability of Maryland cover crops participation than does the increase from Conservation Reserve Program enrollment (4.4%).

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Participation in marijuana, cocaine and heroin consumption in Australia: a multivariate probit approach

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime

Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime

Examining the Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Marijuana Consumption: Insights from the Economics Literature

Improving targeting of farmers for enrollment in agri‐environmental programs

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