“…Although what motivates older adults to participate in learning activities has gained much attention in the field of adult education in recent years, most of the scholarly interest has focused learning in residential settings such as Elderhostel programs (O'Connell 1990), learning in retirement institutes (Bynum and Seaman 1993, Martin 2003, Kim and Merriam 2004, Lamb and Brady 2005, University of the Third Age (Gaskell 1999, Williamson 2000, Yenerall 2003, formal higher education institutes (Furst and Steele 1986, Little 1995, Scala 1996, Laanan 2003, and senior centers. The most frequently used model to study the structural foundations of participation motivation in general is the Education Participation Scale (EPS) (Boshier 1971, 1991, Boshier and Collins 1983.…”