Participant Observation and Fieldnotes

Conceptual framework for the study of food waste generation and prevention in the hospitality sector

“…Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures, rooted in the social sciences used 127 extensively in anthropology and sociology (Gobo, 2008a). Such studies are conducted on a system 128 bounded in space and time and embedded in a particular physical and sociocultural context 129 (Emerson et al, 2001). In ethnography, the researcher spends a considerable amount of time 130…”

Video-Cued Parental Dialogs: A Promising Venue for Exploring Early Childhood Mathematics

“…Tüm araştırma süresi boyunca, her gün sonunda katılımcıların pratiklerini ve araştırmacının araştırma süresince hisleri, fikirleri ve tepkileri hakkında alan notları (Emerson, Fretz, ve Shaw, 2001) tutmuştur.…”

Doing ‘technological time’ in a pediatric hemodialysis unit: An ethnography of children

“…Ethnographies involve prolonged engagement in the places of those studied (Emerson, Fretz, & Shaw, 2001;Hammersley & Atkinson, 1995;Thomas, 1993;LeCompte & Schensul, 1999a;Patton, 2002). Thomas and Ahmed (2004) time with children in their everyday settings and most view children as invested and engaged in the places they occupy and in the research process (James, 2001).…”

“…During observation periods, I also went to into an unoccupied hallway or private office to record more descriptive notes using a laptop computer or tape recorder. These fieldnotes formed the basis for in-process summaries and memos that are more sustained analytic and interpretive writing outside of the field (Emerson, Fretz, & Shaw, 2001). Because children provided so much rich information, I found it challenging at times to remain patient until it was possible to leave the child's presence to record the data in more detail.…”