Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis in Singapore and its relationship to epilepsy

Idiopathic paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia in Malaysia, a multi-racial Southeast Asian country

“…A series from Singapore, another multi-racial Southeast Asian country, reported a similar racial distribution of patients with idiopathic PKD (Chinese:Malay:Indian = 13:1:1; that is, Chinese patients accounting for 87% of patients). 5 We also found a male preponderance (9:2), similar to that seen in the Singaporean series (14:1). 5 However, other investigators found the male preponderance to be less pro- The clinical characteristics of Chinese patients were previously reported to be ''essentially similar" to those of patients reported elsewhere.…”

“…5 We also found a male preponderance (9:2), similar to that seen in the Singaporean series (14:1). 5 However, other investigators found the male preponderance to be less pro- The clinical characteristics of Chinese patients were previously reported to be ''essentially similar" to those of patients reported elsewhere. 2 Our findings were also typical of those described in the literature.…”

“…These findings support previous observations in a similar patient population. 5 The underlying reasons for these differences, compared to the literature from other populations, deserve further study.…”

A Case of Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia with Complex Partial Seizure Probably Associated with Amygdala Enlargement

“…From the above, this case was diagnosed as PKD concurrent with epilepsy. A report has indicated that 8% of patients with PKD also have epilepsy [8]. Our patient showed interictal epileptic discharge in the midtemporal area.…”

Genetic and clinical heterogeneity in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: Evidence for a third EKD gene

“…There is no loss of consciousness during these attacks nor are there any electroencephalograph (EEG) changes, yet PKD is very sensitive to anticonvulsants. Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies in these individuals are always normal 1–5…”