Parkinson's Disease: Risk Factor Modification and Prevention

Abstract

The global burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) has increased from 2.5 to 6.1 million since the 1990s. This is expected to rise as the world population ages and lives longer. With the current consensus on the existence of a prediagnostic phase of PD, which can be divided into a preclinical stage and a prodromal stage, we can better define the risk markers and prodromal markers of PD in the broader context of PD pathogenesis. Here, we review this pathogenetic process, and discuss the evidence behind various heritability factors, exposure to pesticides and farming, high dairy consumption, and traumatic brain injuries that have been known to raise PD risk. Physical activity, early active lifestyle, high serum uric acid, caffeine consumption, exposure to tobacco, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and calcium channel blockers, as well as the Mediterranean and the MIND diets are observed to lower PD risk. This knowledge, when combined with ways to identify at-risk populations and early prodromal PD patients, can help the clinician make practical recommendations. Most importantly, it helps us set the parameters for epidemiological studies and create the paradigms for clinical trials.

Neuroprotective Efficacy of a Nanomicellar Complex of Carnosine and Lipoic Acid in a Rat Model of Rotenone-Induced Parkinson’s Disease

“…In recent decades, there has been an increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. One such disease is Parkinson’s disease (PD), characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) [ 30 ]. While some researchers believe that the main factors involved in the development of PD are population aging and genetic mutations, a number of studies have shown that PD can be caused by exposure to certain exogenous toxic substances, which can cause high levels of oxidative stress [ 31 ].…”

Neuroprotective Potentials of Berberine in Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease-like Motor Symptoms in Rats

“…Recent epidemiological studies have linked environmental factors, including pesticide exposure, to the development of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) (Ball et al 2019;Ng et al 2024; Rajan and Kaas 2022). Rotenone (RTN), a hydrophobic substance derived from Leguminosae plant roots and used as a natural pesticide, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and strongly inhibits mitochondrial complex I in the electron transport chain (Ibarra-Gutiérrez et al 2023).…”

Identification of necroptosis-related genes in Parkinson’s disease by integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

“…According to the epidemiological studies, the prevalence of PD increases with the rise of aging populations. The incidence of PD is 1.5–2% among people over 60 years old and up to 4% in people over 80 years old ( Marino et al, 2020 ), and the global PD patients has increased from 2.5 to 6.1 million since the 1990s ( Rajan and Kaas, 2022 ). In China, the prevalence of PD was 1.37% in people over 60 years old, and the number of people suffering from the disease has exceeded 3.62 million indicated by a community-based study ( Qi et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Recent studies have found that dyssomnia, sleep disorder, mental disorder, cognitive disorder, and somatoform autonomic dysfunction are commonly exist in PD patients and occur among different stages of motor symptoms, affecting the life quality of patients ( Suzuki et al, 2022 ). Due to the high rate of disability and a long therapeutic procedure, PD brings heavy burden and troubles to patients and their families ( Zhang et al, 2005 ; Kumar et al, 2010 ; Seol, 2010 ; Rajan and Kaas, 2022 ). Therefore, it is extremely important to study the etiology and pathogenesis of PD nowadays.…”