Parents’ child-related schemas: Associations with children’s asthma and mental health.

Abstract

The parent–child relationship, a key dyad of the family, can influence disease-related and psychological processes in children with asthma. Although the critical role of parenting behaviors in asthma outcomes is well established, less is known about the attitudes and beliefs underlying parents’ interactions with their children and how those attitudes may relate to asthma outcomes. Thus, this study aimed to identify profiles of parents’ schemas pertaining to their children with asthma and examine whether child mental and physical health outcomes differed by profile membership. Caregivers of children (n = 177; 5–12 years old) with asthma completed the Five Minute Speech Sample (Magaña et al., 1986), which was later coded for positive and negative attitudes and attributions about their children. Using a pattern-based approach, cluster analyses revealed three profiles of schemas: high negativity–low positivity, low negativity–low positivity, and low negativity–high positivity. Profiles differed in levels of externalizing and internalizing child symptoms, and lung function. Results support the growing body of research placing emphasis on the role of parenting in pediatric asthma outcomes. Caregiver schemas may constitute a point of intervention in families of children with asthma.

Negative internal working models as mechanisms that link mothers’ and fathers’ personality with their parenting: A short‐term longitudinal study

“…The parent's speech was audio‐recorded, and later coded by a professional coder at another university, with Dr. Bullock serving as the master coder. We focused on criticism, based on 6 items (parent is critical of child behavior or traits, makes negative comments about the relationship with child, uses negative humor or sarcasm, assumes or attributes negative intentions to child, reports conflicts with child; Bullock & Dishion, 2007 ; Greenlee et al., 2019 ; Smith et al., 2013 ; Waller et al., 2012 ).…”

Mothers’ and fathers’ attachment styles and power-assertive control: Indirect associations through parental representations.

“…FAARS captures two dimensions of the parent’s narrative: criticism and warmth. We focused on parental criticism, or a negative relational schema, an implicit negative representation of the child and the parent–child relationship (Bullock & Dishion, 2007; Greenlee et al, 2019; Smith et al, 2013). Criticism is based on six items (parent is critical of child behavior or traits, comments on the negative relationship with child, uses negative humor or sarcasm, assumes or attributes negative intentions to child, reports conflict with child).…”

“…The coding targets the implicit and explicit aspects of the cognitive and emotional content, thus aligning well with the construct of IWMs as informed by attachment theory. Because of our interest in negative, hostile IWMs as linking parents’ insecurity to their power assertion, we focused on parental criticism, or a negative relational schema, an implicit negative attitude, which specifically captures a negative representation of the child and the parent–child relationship (Bullock & Dishion, 2007; Greenlee et al, 2019; Smith et al, 2013).…”

Paediatric asthma and non‐allergic comorbidities: A review of current risk and proposed mechanisms

“…70 In regard to early environmental influences, several recent parenting studies have shown that highly critical and over-protective parenting may explain the higher level of anxiety in children with asthma. 71,72 However, these studies have been carried out in small parent-child dyad populations and require further research.…”