Parental bonding and adolescents’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan

Khalid, Amna; Qadir, Farah; Chan, Stella W. Y.; Schwannauer, Matthias

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.050

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Levels of lack of autonomy were elevated in all three affected groups compared with the unaffected persons. Generally, our findings contradict most of earlier findings that perceived authoritarian parenting is not related to adult depression and anxiety (e.g., Enns et al, 2002;Khalid et al, 2018). While some studies found that reported lack of autonomy have been shown to relate to increased adult psychopathology risk (Kendler et al, 2000;Seganfredo et al, 2009), others showed that, when controlling for the effects of care, associations between lack of autonomy and affective disorders were reduced (Gerlsma, Emmelkamp, & Arrindell, 1990) or no longer significant (Kendler et al, 2000;Khalid et al, 2018).…”

Section: Table 3 Comparison Of Psychopathology Groups On Clinical and Demographic Characteristicscontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Parental bonding: Psychometric properties and association with lifetime depression and anxiety disorders.

Kullberg

Maciejewski

Schie

et al. 2020

Psychological Assessment

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In epidemiology and psychiatry research, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is commonly used to assess offspring's perception on maternal and paternal behavior during childhood. We tested the 2-versus 3-factor structure of the 16-item version and assessed measurement invariance across sex and across lifetime depressed, anxious, comorbid affected, and healthy participants. Subsequently, we investigated PBI dimensions across sex and psychopathology groups using structural equation modeling. Participants were 2,069 adults with a lifetime affective disorder and healthy controls, ages 26 -75, from the Netherlands. Our findings support the 3-factor solution of the distinct mother and father scales, distinguishing care, overprotection, and autonomy (previously "authoritarianism"). Moreover, measurement of the PBI appeared to be invariant across groups, indicating that means and relations can be reliably compared across sex and psychopathology groups. Men reported more maternal overprotection and paternal lack of care, whereas females reported higher paternal and maternal lack of autonomy and maternal lack of care levels compared with males. Lack of care and lack of autonomy levels were elevated in all affected groups, with the comorbid group showing highest levels of all 3 PBI dimensions. Adults with anxiety disorders reported heightened maternal lack of autonomy levels compared with the depression group and healthy controls. Adults with a depressive disorder reported heightened paternal lack of care levels as compared with the anxiety group and healthy controls. We advocate to use the 3-factor structure and conclude that suboptimal parental bonding, mainly lack of care and lack of autonomy, is associated with lifetime anxiety and depression. Public Significance StatementThis study supports the 3-factor solution of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and indicates that means and relations can be reliably compared across sex and psychopathology groups. Especially parental lack of care and lack of autonomy are associated with the presence of lifetime anxiety and depression. Findings highlight negative perceptions of childhood parental bonding play an important role in psychopathology across the entire life span.

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Section: Table 3 Comparison Of Psychopathology Groups On Clinical and Demographic Characteristicscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…. let me dress in any way I pleased" is referred to as "authoritarianism" (Enns et al, 2002;Heider et al, 2005;Kendler et al, 1996Kendler et al, , 2000Khalid, Qadir, Chan, & Schwannauer, 2018). Items of the authoritarianism subscale are generally reverse coded to ensure that high values reflect authoritarian parenting.…”

Section: Factor Structure Of the Pbimentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental bonding: Psychometric properties and association with lifetime depression and anxiety disorders.

Kullberg

Maciejewski

Schie

et al. 2020

Psychological Assessment

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“…These results demonstrate that both emotion‐focused coping and secondary attachment insecurity contribute to adolescent psychological distress. One explanation for this finding could be that attachment with parents (primary attachment) is likely to be more obedience‐oriented while with siblings or friends (secondary attachment) more emotionally close relationship is expected within a Pakistani context (Khalid, Qadir, Chan, & Schwannauer, 2017). This suggests that targeting adolescent secondary attachment security could reduce the influence of emotion‐focused coping on psychological distress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary attachment and mental health in Pakistani and Scottish adolescents: A moderated mediation model

et al. 2020

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Objectives. Research into adolescent mental health has tended to focus on primary attachment relationships. However, the effect of secondary attachment relationships and the role of culture remain under-explored. This study examined the associations between primary attachment, secondary attachment, and coping strategies (task-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping) with psychological well-being and psychological distress in adolescents across two cultural settings. Design.A cross-sectional study.Method. An identical test battery was used across two geographic sites in Pakistan (N = 510; 12-18 years; 51.5% male; mean age = 14.50) and Scotland (N = 610; 12-18 years; 53.6% male; mean age = 13.97). Associations were tested separately in each sample using moderated mediation modelling for the outcome variables: psychological well-being and psychological distress.Results. For psychological well-being, all three coping strategies were significant partial mediators and secondary attachment was a significant moderator in both samples. Secondary attachment moderated the association between emotion-focused coping and psychological well-being in the Pakistani sample only. For psychological distress, taskfocused coping was a significant full mediator in the Pakistani sample only. In contrast, for the Scottish sample, task-focused coping and emotion-focused coping were significant partial mediators. Secondary attachment's direct effect on psychological distress was significant in both samples. Secondary attachment also moderated the association between emotion-focused coping and psychological distress in the Pakistani sample only. Conclusions.The cross-cultural evidence suggests that alongside primary attachment, it is important to target secondary attachment through coping strategies, in order to enhance psychological well-being and lessen psychological distress in adolescents.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…However, most existing data comes from western cultures where individualistic themes predominate. While some studies highlight differences between the two (Wang and Leichtman, 2000), evidence from eastern collectivist cultures, including Pakistan, is scarce (Masud et al, 2015; Khalid et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Academic Performance in Adolescent Students: The Role of Parenting Styles and Socio-Demographic Factors – A Cross Sectional Study From Peshawar, Pakistan

et al. 2019

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Academic performance is among the several components of academic success. Many factors, including socioeconomic status, student temperament and motivation, peer, and parental support influence academic performance. Our study aims to investigate the determinants of academic performance with emphasis on the role of parental styles in adolescent students in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 456 students from 4 public and 4 private schools were interviewed. Academic performance was assessed based on self-reported grades in the latest internal examinations. Parenting styles were assessed through the administration of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). Regression analysis was conducted to assess the influence of socio-demographic factors and parenting styles on academic performance. Factors associated with and differences between “care” and “overprotection” scores of fathers and mothers were analyzed. Higher socio-economic status, father’s education level, and higher care scores were independently associated with better academic performance in adolescent students. Affectionless control was the most common parenting style for fathers and mothers. When adapted by the father, it was also the only parenting style independently improving academic performance. Overall, mean “care” scores were higher for mothers and mean “overprotection” scores were higher for fathers. Parenting workshops and school activities emphasizing the involvement of mothers and fathers in the parenting of adolescent students might have a positive influence on their academic performance. Affectionless control may be associated with improved academics but the emotional and psychosocial effects of this style of parenting need to be investigated before recommendations are made.

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Parental bonding and adolescents’ depressive and anxious symptoms in Pakistan

Cited by 23 publications

References 54 publications

Parental bonding: Psychometric properties and association with lifetime depression and anxiety disorders.

Parental bonding: Psychometric properties and association with lifetime depression and anxiety disorders.

Secondary attachment and mental health in Pakistani and Scottish adolescents: A moderated mediation model

Academic Performance in Adolescent Students: The Role of Parenting Styles and Socio-Demographic Factors – A Cross Sectional Study From Peshawar, Pakistan

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