Parasitological and clinical-pathological findings in twelve outbreaks of acute trypanosomiasis in dairy cattle in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Costa, Renata Vitória Campos; Abreu, Ana Paula Martinez de; Thomé, Sandra; Massard, Carlos Luiz; Santos, Huarrisson Azevedo; Ubiali, Daniel G.; Brito, Marilene F.

doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100466

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Occasionally, the disease progresses to severe haematological and neurological disorders and can be fatal (Batista et al., 2007, 2009; Cadioli et al., 2012; Galiza et al., 2011). Progressive anaemia and weight loss, reproductive failure and a reduction in milk production are common in livestock chronically infected with T. vivax (Bastos et al., 2017; Betancur et al., 2016; Bittar et al., 2015; Costa et al., 2020; Garcia et al., 2016; Gonzatti et al., 2014; Reis et al., 2019; Rodrigues et al., 2013; Silva et al., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

Florentin

Perez

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Argentina is a home to millions of beef and dairy cattle and is one of the world's major exporters of meat. In the present study, Trypanosoma vivax was prevalent (2016–2018) in two major livestock farming regions, the Gran Chaco and the Pampas. In the Gran Chaco, 29% and 51% of animals (n = 72, taurine x zebuine crossbreed) were, respectively, positive by TviCATL‐PCR and the more sensitive fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) method. While 18.4/38.8% of breeding cows (n = 49) tested positive by PCR/FFLB, infection increased to 52.2/78.3% in an outbreak of acute infection in steers (n = 23, taurine breed) brought from a non‐endemic area. In the Pampas, overall infection rates in dairy cows (n = 54, taurine breed) were comparable (p > .01) between PCR (66.7%) and FFLB (62.9%) and showed a remarkable increase (PCR / FFLB) from 48.3/44.8% in 2017 to 88/84% in 2018. Infected dairy cattle exhibited anaemia, fever, anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes, emaciation and neurological signs. In contrast, beef cows (taurine x zebuine crossbreed) from the Pampas (n = 30) were asymptomatic despite exhibiting 16.7% (PCR) and 53.3% (FFLB) infection rates. Microsatellite genotyping revealed a remarkable microheterogeneity, seven genotypes in the Gran Chaco, nine in the Pampas and five shared between both regions, consistent with regular movement of T. vivax infected livestock. Data gathered in our study support the Gran Chaco being an endemic area for T. vivax, whereas the Pampas emerged as an outbreak area of acute infection in dairy cattle with critical negative impact in milk production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study of T. vivax in Argentina, and results indicated the need for preventive measures to control T. vivax spread from the Gran Chaco to vast livestock farming areas across Argentina.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

Florentin

Perez

Rodrigues

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…Regarding the intravenous route and T. vivax, in the field the use of intravenous oxytocin in lactating cows performed with the same needle and syringe on several animals contributes to spreading the protozoan in the herd (Costa et al, 2020). In the present study, in 100% of the oxytocins evaluated, T. vivax remained viable for up to 2 min, except for one brand in which trypomastigote forms of this protozoan were found for up to 2 h. In practice, the time of 2 min is enough for a rapid spread of T. vivax in Girolando dairy herds that carry out this management practice during milking, since during this time 5-10 cows receive this hormone intravenously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many cattle can be infected by Trypanosoma vivax by reusing the same needle and syringe, and what is the viability time of this protozoan in injectable veterinary products?

et al. 2021

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It was investigated how many cattle become infected with Trypanosoma vivax by subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) routes, using the same syringe and needle from an animal with acute T. vivax infection. Besides, the T. vivax viability in 109 injectable veterinary drugs (antibiotics, antiparasitics, reproductive hormones, vitamin complex and derivatives, vaccines, anaesthetics, anti-inflammatory/antipyretics, antitoxics). In the field assay, four groups were performed: T01, T02 and T03 animals that received saline solution with the same syringe and needle contaminated with T. vivax via SC, IM and IV routes, respectively, and T04 control animals that received only saline solution with the same syringe and needle IV. In the laboratory, drugs had their pH measured and T. vivax viability verified. The number of cattle infected with T. vivax via SC (3/20) was lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to via IM (9/20), which was lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to IV (15/20). The solution pH did not influence T. vivax viability. In 44% (48/109) of the products, T. vivax remained viable regardless of time, stooding out that in 100% of oxytocins the protozoan was verified, at some evaluation times. The mean of T. vivax quantified in foot-and-mouth and brucellosis vaccines and in doramectin-based products were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than found in blood + saline solution.

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“…Although the parasitological techniques presented low sensitivity (Fidelis et al, 2019;Costa et al, 2020), in this work such results were relevant, showing a high parasite load in the sampled animals. The high parasitemia in these cases favors the transmission of T. vivax by mechanical vectors (Osório et al, 2008) and possibly by iatrogenic transmission, through the sharing of needles and syringes during oxytocin applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The shared use of needles and syringes, especially during the application of oxytocin before milking, is an important risk factor for the occurrence of the disease (Batista et al, 2008;Bastos et al, 2020). The entry of animals from herds from other regions without prior quarantine should be considered in the epidemiology of the outbreak (Costa et al, 2020). It is known that the free transit of cattle is a potential risk for the occurrence of trypanosomosis outbreaks (Pimentel et al, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the low seroprevalence, the parasite is dispersed in Minas Gerais State, which makes seronegative herds even more susceptible to the disease (Meneses, 2016). Other outbreaks of T. vivax in states bordering Minas Gerais, including São Paulo (Cadioli et al, 2012), Rio de Janeiro (Costa et al, 2020), Goiás (Bastos et al, 2020) and Bahia (Gomes et al, 2021) were also reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in naturally infected cattle in the Zona da Mata Mineira

Alcindo

Vieira

Rocha

et al. 2022

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic techniques for trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, in naturally infected cattle in Minas Gerais, Zona da Mata. The deaths of six lactating cows with similar clinical conditions—characterized by hyporexia, hypogalactia, and recumbency—had been reported from one property. Initially, two animals were examined and diagnosed with trypanosomiasis through identification of the protozoan in a blood smear. After the initial diagnosis, all lactating cows (n=37) on the property were examined, and blood samples were collected for tests including whole blood smear, buffy coat smear, Woo's technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Woo's test, buffy coat smears, and whole blood smears indicated that 4/37 (10.81%) animals were positive for trypanosomiasis, whereas ELISA and PCR indicated that 33/37 (89.19%) and 27/37 (72.97%) animals, respectively, were positive. The agreement obtained between parasitological techniques was classified as high, while between ELISA and PCR, no agreement. In conclusion, parasitological techniques have a low capacity to identify infected animals in the chronic stage of T. vivax infection. Therefore, techniques such as PCR and/or ELISA should be used to minimize the occurrence of false negatives.

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Parasitological and clinical-pathological findings in twelve outbreaks of acute trypanosomiasis in dairy cattle in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

Molecular epidemiological insights into Trypanosoma vivax in Argentina: From the endemic Gran Chaco to outbreaks in the Pampas

How many cattle can be infected by Trypanosoma vivax by reusing the same needle and syringe, and what is the viability time of this protozoan in injectable veterinary products?

Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in naturally infected cattle in the Zona da Mata Mineira

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