Parasitism shapes selection by drastically reducing host fitness and increasing host fitness variation

Hasik, Adam Z.; Siepielski, Adam M.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0323

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…1). This prediction remains untested despite recent efforts to quantify impacts of parasites on host reproduction (Hasik and Siepielski, 2022) in a meta-analysis since data are mostly available on terrestrial systems. Of course, natural host-parasite systems likely also have other drivers of virulence than landscape structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Local parasite extinction D q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q 0.6 0 0 0 1 5.5 10 0 0.25 0.5 E q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q 0.6 reproduction (Hasik and Siepielski, 2022) in a meta-analysis since data are mostly available on terrestrial systems. Of course, natural host-parasite systems likely also have other drivers of virulence than landscape structure.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Landscape structure drives eco-evolution in host-parasite systems

Deshpande,

Dakos,

Kaltz

et al. 2023

Preprint

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As all biological and many artificial systems, hosts and their parasites are most often spatially structured. Such spatial structure becomes evident when one considers, for example, cities connected by commuters or habitat islands connected by dispersing individuals. Within this spatial context, parasites may change through time due to rapid evolutionary processes, including mutation and selection, which strongly impacts how epidemics unfold. As a consequence, host-parasite systems can only be understood in the light of evolution and in their spatial context. However, past work has largely ignored relevant spatial complexity. How parasites evolve in realistically complex landscapes remains therefore unclear, hampering the translation of theoretical predictions to real ecological systems. Therefore, we here develop an eco-evolutionary metapopulation model of host-parasite dynamics in which hosts and parasites disperse through realistically complex spatial networks. Parasite virulence, a key parasite life-history trait that impacts host fitness (here: reproduction), is able to evolve. Our model therefore captures feedback loops between host demography and parasite evolution in space. In order to gain a general understanding of parasite eco-evolution in space, we analyse our model for spatial networks that represent characteristic terrestrial (represented by random-geometric graphs; RGG) and riverine aquatic (represented by optimal channel networks; OCN) landscapes. We find that parasites may evolve higher virulence in characteristically riverine compared to terrestrial networks. More generally, we explore how a key host trait, dispersal, modulates virulence evolution within these networks. Consistent with previous work, we show that parasite virulence evolution is driven by kin selection, because dispersal and landscape structure both impact patterns of relatedness. Our model yields readily testable predictions, including that terrestrial parasites should be more virulent than aquatic parasites at low dispersal rates and vice versa as dispersal increases. These differences in evolved virulence directly lead to differences in system stability, with more virulent parasites more often leading to their own extinction. Thus, in this study we highlight the role of landscape structure in driving eco-evolutionary dynamics of parasites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape structure drives eco-evolution in host-parasite systems

Deshpande,

Dakos,

Kaltz

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Of further interest is how virulence evolution can then feed back into community dynamics (double arrow in figure 1). Parasites not only decrease host fitness [61], but can also affect the strength of host interspecific host competition [37]. Virulence evolution mediated by interspecific host competition may drive a subsequent coevolutionary response in hosts (due to parasite-mediated effects on host fitness) and/or modify virulence evolution (due to parasite-mediated effects on interspecific host competition).…”

Section: (D) Host Frequenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific host competition and parasite virulence evolution

2023

Self Cite

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Virulence, the harm to hosts caused by parasite infection, can be selected for by several ecological factors acting synergistically or antagonistically. Here, we focus on the potential for interspecific host competition to shape virulence through such a network of effects. We first summarize how host natural mortality, body mass changes, population density and community diversity affect virulence evolution. We then introduce an initial conceptual framework highlighting how these host factors, which change during host competition, may drive virulence evolution via impacts on life-history trade-offs. We argue that the multi-faceted nature of both interspecific host competition and virulence evolution still requires consideration and experimentation to disentangle contrasting mechanisms. It also necessitates a differential treatment for parasites with various transmission strategies. However, such a comprehensive approach focusing on the role of interspecific host competition is essential to understand the processes driving the evolution of virulence in a tangled bank.

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“…Still, the sex-mediated costs of infection are not necessarily generalizable. A recent meta-analysis showed similar viability to parasitism among males and females ( Hasik & Siepielski, 2022b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Higher body condition with infection by Haemoproteus parasites in Bananaquits (Coereba flaveola)

Gutiérrez-Ramos,

Acevedo

2024

PeerJ

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Parasite transmission is a heterogenous process in host-parasite interactions. This heterogeneity is particularly apparent in vector-borne parasite transmission where the vector adds an additional level of complexity. Haemosporidian parasites, a widespread protist, cause a malaria-like disease in birds globally, but we still have much to learn about the consequences of infection to hosts’ health. In the Caribbean, where malarial parasites are endemic, studying host-parasites interactions may give us important insights about energetic trade-offs involved in malarial parasites infections in birds. In this study, we tested the consequences of Haemoproteus infection on the Bananaquit, a resident species of Puerto Rico. We also tested for potential sources of individual heterogeneity in the consequences of infection such as host age and sex. To quantify the consequences of infection to hosts’ health we compared three complementary body condition indices between infected and uninfected individuals. Our results showed that Bananaquits infected by Haemoproteus had higher body condition than uninfected individuals. This result was consistent among the three body condition indices. Still, we found no clear evidence that this effect was mediated by host age or sex. We discuss a set of non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that may explain this pattern including metabolic syndrome, immunological responses leading to host tolerance or resistance to infection, and potential changes in consumption rates. Overall, our results suggest that other mechanisms, may drive the consequences of avian malarial infection.

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Parasitism shapes selection by drastically reducing host fitness and increasing host fitness variation

Cited by 15 publications

References 55 publications

Landscape structure drives eco-evolution in host-parasite systems

Landscape structure drives eco-evolution in host-parasite systems

Interspecific host competition and parasite virulence evolution

Higher body condition with infection by Haemoproteus parasites in Bananaquits (Coereba flaveola)

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