Parasitic Diseases of Nonhuman Primates

Strait, Karen; Else, James G.; Eberhard, Mark L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381366-4.00004-3

Cited by 41 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 416 publications

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“…We reliably detected continued M. mariae infection in all animals harboring infections the previous year, so temporal sampling bias would not explain differences in prevalence from Dipetalonema spp. Given the relatively stable climate between years and that both parasites are vectored by ceratopogonid biting midges (Shelley and Coscarón, 2001, Lefoulon et al., 2015), we suspect that within-host dynamics are responsible for the variation observed between these two filarids, although the physiological consequences of these species on wild hosts remain unknown (Strait et al., 2012). It is worth mentioning that Dipetalonema spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…likely represents two species, D. gracile and D. graciliformis , and our study does not differentiate whether one or both are responsible for the increase in prevalence. Phylogenetic relationships within the Dipetalonema clade of the Onchocercidae are an area of active research that is beyond the scope of this study (Lefoulon et al., 2015), and since mixed infections are common in nature (Sato et al., 2008, Strait et al., 2012), we do not know if parasite-host relationships would vary at sub-genus levels. The prevalence of T. minasense did change significantly across the study period, and most dramatic was the 2014 spike to 100% of S. imperator individuals and close to 100% among L. weddelli .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal and demographic blood parasite dynamics in two free-ranging neotropical primates

Erkenswick

Watsa

Gozalo

et al. 2017

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Parasite-host relationships are influenced by several factors intrinsic to hosts, such as social standing, group membership, sex, and age. However, in wild populations, temporal variation in parasite distributions and concomitant infections can alter these patterns. We used microscropy and molecular methods to screen for naturally occurring haemoparasitic infections in two Neotropical primate host populations, the saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor (Saguinus imperator) tamarin, in the lowland tropical rainforests of southeastern Peru. Repeat sampling was conducted from known individuals over a three-year period to test for parasite-host and parasite-parasite associations. Three parasites were detected in L. weddelli including Trypanosoma minasense, Mansonella mariae, and Dipetalonema spp., while S. imperator only hosted the latter two. Temporal variation in prevalence was observed in T. minasense and Dipetalonema spp., confirming the necessity of a multi-year study to evaluate parasite-host relationships in this system. Although callitrichids display a distinct reproductive dominance hierarchy, characterized by single breeding females that typically mate polyandrously and can suppress the reproduction of subdominant females, logistic models did not identify sex or breeding status as determining factors in the presence of these parasites. However, age class had a positive effect on infection with M. mariae and T. minasense, and adults demonstrated higher parasite species richness than juveniles or sub-adults across both species. Body weight had a positive effect on the presence of Dipetalonema spp. The inclusion of co-infection variables in statistical models of parasite presence/absence data improved model fit for two of three parasites. This study verifies the importance and need for broad spectrum and long-term screening of parasite assemblages of natural host populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and demographic blood parasite dynamics in two free-ranging neotropical primates

Erkenswick

Watsa

Gozalo

et al. 2017

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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“…Few studies refer to the description of parasites in the wild New World primates (Toft 1982), and studies that correlate the parasitism with the clinical and pathological aspects in these animals are even more rare (Strait et al 2012). The parasite Molineus torulosus (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) has been described in neotropical primates, such as Sapajus apella (previously Cebus apella), Aotus sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in neotropical primates

Bacalhao

Siqueira

Nery³

et al. 2016

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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This paper reports eleven cases of ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in different species of neotropical primates of the Sapajus genus. All of the affected monkeys had been apprehended by the environmental police and were being treated in a rehabilitation center for wild animals. The clinical history was weight loss and debility. During the necropsy, several nodules were found on the duodenum and proximal jejunum wall, with ulcers on the adjacent intestinal mucosa, including the nodules in the pancreas of four monkeys. Histologically, eosinophilic granulomas were observed in the small intestine, associated with fibrosis, eggs and adult models of Trichostrongylidae, etiology consistent with Molineus torulosus. This study describes the first cases of parasitism in Sapajus flavius, a species previously considered extinct, but recently rediscovered, and presents the occurrence of M. torulosus in two other species, Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus apella.

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“…Since NHPs may act as reservoirs for this parasite, their handlers are at risk of accidental infection (Ndao et al 2000; Strait et al 2012). Trade of wildlife for exotic pet markets results in close contact between humans and NHPs, providing new opportunities for disease emergence (Wolfe et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru

Aysanoa

Mayor

Mendoza³

et al. 2017

EcoHealth

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We determined the prevalence rate and risk of infection of Trypanosoma cruzi and other trypanosomatids in Peruvian non-human primates (NHPs) in the wild (n = 126) and in different captive conditions (n = 183). Blood samples were collected on filter paper, FTA cards, or EDTA tubes and tested using a nested PCR protocol targeting the 24Sα rRNA gene. Main risk factors associated with trypanosomatid and T. cruzi infection were genus and the human–animal context (wild vs captive animals). Wild NHPs had higher prevalence of both trypanosomatids (64.3 vs 27.9%, P < 0.001) and T. cruzi (8.7 vs 3.3%, P = 0.057), compared to captive NHPs, suggesting that parasite transmission in NHPs occurs more actively in the sylvatic cycle. In terms of primate family, Pitheciidae had the highest trypanosomatid prevalence (20/22, 90.9%) and Cebidae had the highest T. cruzi prevalence (15/117, 12.8%). T. cruzi and trypanosomatids are common in Peruvian NHPs and could pose a health risk to human and animals that has not been properly studied.

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Parasitic Diseases of Nonhuman Primates

Cited by 41 publications

References 416 publications

Temporal and demographic blood parasite dynamics in two free-ranging neotropical primates

Temporal and demographic blood parasite dynamics in two free-ranging neotropical primates

Ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in neotropical primates

Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru

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