Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru

Aysanoa, Esar; Mayor, Pedro; Mendoza, A. Patricia; Zariquiey, Carlos M.; Morales, Elizabeth; Pérez, Jocelyn G.; Bowler, Mark; Ventocilla, Julio A.; González, Carlos; Baldeviano, G. Christian; Lescano, Andrés G.

doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1271-8

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…There is anecdotal evidence that the red face of the bald uakari varies with health, becoming pale in sick uakaris [33,34,70], and the structure of the uakari facial skin allows a direct external assessment of haematological status [34], suggesting that the colour of the face would be an honest indicator of health. Intriguingly, uakaris appear particularly susceptible to infection by two bloodborne parasites: they showed the highest rates of infection by the malaria parasite Plasmodium brasiliensis of any NWM [71] and had an infection rate of 100% for trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli) compared with 64% for other primates on the Yavari River in Peru [72]. Hence, the physiological effects of plasmodial and trypanosomal infections might be two aspects of male quality that are signalled by facial coloration in uakaris.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari (Cacajao calvus)

et al. 2016

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Colour vision is highly variable in New World monkeys (NWMs). Evidence for the adaptive basis of colour vision in this group has largely centred on environmental features such as foraging benefits for differently coloured foods or predator detection, whereas selection on colour vision for sociosexual communication is an alternative hypothesis that has received little attention. The colour vision of uakaris (Cacajao) is of particular interest because these monkeys have the most dramatic red facial skin of any primate, as well as a unique fission/fusion social system and a specialist diet of seeds. Here, we investigate colour vision in a wild population of the bald uakari, C. calvus, by genotyping the X-linked opsin locus. We document the presence of a polymorphic colour vision system with an unprecedented number of functional alleles (six), including a novel allele with a predicted maximum spectral sensitivity of 555 nm. This supports the presence of strong balancing selection on different alleles at this locus. We consider different hypotheses to explain this selection. One possibility is that trichromacy functions in sexual selection, enabling females to choose high-quality males on the basis of red facial coloration. In support of this, there is some evidence that health affects facial coloration in uakaris, as well as a high prevalence of blood-borne parasitism in wild uakari populations. Alternatively, the low proportion of heterozygous female trichromats in the population may indicate selection on different dichromatic phenotypes, which might be related to cryptic food coloration. We have uncovered unexpected diversity in the last major lineage of NWMs to be assayed for colour vision, which will provide an interesting system to dissect adaptation of polymorphic trichromacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari (Cacajao calvus)

et al. 2016

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“…Additional testings on the feasibility of using filter paper for the conservation and transport of samples, beforemolecular analysis purposes have been conducted (Perozo et al 2006, Aysanoa et al 2017, Vitale et al 2018, Rivero et al 2018. However FTA filter paper was used, which is more expensive and not widely used, in the opposite of Whatman 903 paper which is standardized in national public health programs for the detection of metabolic diseases (msal.gob.ar 2011)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardization of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA extraction and purification protocol from samples collected on Whatman 903 filter paper to Chagas disease diagnosis

Medina

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Bisio

et al. 2020

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Chagas disease (CD) caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, belongs to the so-called neglected diseases group. In Argentina about 1,500 children are born with congenital Chagas disease per year. The diagnosis of CD in the newborn relies on the ability to detect parasites in the blood by microscopic observation, as the serological tests are ruled out because of the presence of maternal antibodies. CD treatment is more effective during the acute phase of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment of the disease is thus very important. The Argentinian National Program for early detection of metabolic diseases uses Whatman903 filter paper for blood sampling. This type of sample collection presents many advantages as the use of low blood volumes, minimal biological risk, and easy storage and transportation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the conservation efficiency of blood samples on filter paper in order to access good sensitivity on qPCR results for the detection of T. cruzi. To standardize the procedure, negative samples of blood were infected artificially with serial dilutions of trypomastigotes forms of T. cruzi from the TcVI strain obtained by cell culture in Vero cells. Concentrations between 50000 and 5 parasites/mL were prepared and loaded in filter paper for analysis. DNA extraction was conducted by the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit from QIAGEN. For qPCR, a method based on TaqMan technology was used, with a multiplex reaction for quantification of T. cruzi satellite DNA and an internal amplification control (IAC). The detection limit found from our results was 400 parasites/mL, demonstrating that this method could be a reliable option for the diagnosis of congenital CD by the detection of T. cruzi in blood collected in filter paper.

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“…74,93 Samples collected onto cards are chemically stabilized, do not require immediate refrigeration or freezing, and the cards are lightweight and easily transported. 22,75,87,101 Nucleic acids suitable for PCR testing have been recovered from wild mammals, including herpesvirus DNA from Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), 62 DNA from trypanosomes from non-human primates 2 and African zebu (Bos taurus indicus), 20 RNA from rabies virus isolates, 81 and DNA for PCR and restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)based genetic profiling of wildlife in general. 101 In addition to specific research involving sampling from wildlife, the literature includes studies demonstrating stabilization of RNA and DNA from a range of pathogens that can infect wildlife.…”

Section: Methods To Improve Sample Quality For Molecular-based Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of laboratory tests for infectious diseases in wild mammals: review and recommendations

et al. 2020

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Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of tests for infectious diseases in wild animals is challenging, and some of the limitations may affect compliance with the OIE-recommended test validation pathway. We conducted a methodologic review of test validation studies for OIE-listed diseases in wild mammals published between 2008 and 2017 and focused on study design, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. Most published papers addressed Mycobacterium bovis infection in one or more wildlife species. Our review revealed limitations or missing information about sampled animals, identification criteria for positive and negative samples (case definition), representativeness of source and target populations, and species in the study, as well as information identifying animals sampled for calculations of DSe and DSp as naturally infected captive, free-ranging, or experimentally challenged animals. The deficiencies may have reflected omissions in reporting rather than design flaws, although lack of random sampling might have induced bias in estimates of DSe and DSp. We used case studies of validation of tests for hemorrhagic diseases in deer and white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats to demonstrate approaches for validation when new pathogen serotypes or genotypes are detected and diagnostic algorithms are changed, and how purposes of tests evolve together with the evolution of the pathogen after identification. We describe potential benefits of experimental challenge studies for obtaining DSe and DSp estimates, methods to maintain sample integrity, and Bayesian latent class models for statistical analysis. We make recommendations for improvements in future studies of detection test accuracy in wild mammals.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari (Cacajao calvus)

Highly polymorphic colour vision in a New World monkey with red facial skin, the bald uakari (Cacajao calvus)

Standardization of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA extraction and purification protocol from samples collected on Whatman 903 filter paper to Chagas disease diagnosis

Validation of laboratory tests for infectious diseases in wild mammals: review and recommendations

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