Parasites of Fishes

Kent, Michael L.; Fournie, John W.; Baker, David G.

doi:10.1002/9780470344552.ch7

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…The use of fish as models in biomedical research has dramatically increased in the last decade, largely lead by the development of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) model (Ackermann and Paw 2003). Two important microsporidian diseases afflict laboratory fishes; Pseudoloma neurophilia of zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) and Glugea anomala of stickleback species (Kent and Fournie 2007). Indeed, P. neurophilia is the most common pathogen in zebrafish research facilities.…”

Section: Economic Importance Of Microsporidia Of Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal cell cultures in microsporidial research: their general roles and their specific use for fish microsporidia

Monaghan

Kent

Watral

et al. 2009

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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The use of animal cell cultures as tools for studying the microsporidia of insect and mammals is briefly reviewed, along with an in depth review of the literature on using fish cell cultures to study the microsporidia of fish. Fish cell cultures have been used less often but have had some successes. Very short-term primary cultures have been used to show how microsporidia spores can modulate the activities of phagocytes. The most successful microsporidia/fish cell culture system has been relatively long-term primary cultures of salmonid leukocytes for culturing Nucleospora salmonis. Surprisingly, this system can also support the development of Enterocytozoon bienusi, which is of mammalian origin. Some modest success has been achieved in growing Pseudoloma neurophilia on several different fish cell lines. The eel cell line, EP-1, appears to be the only published example of any fish cell line being permanently infected with microsporidia, in this case Heterosporis anguillarum. These cell culture approaches promise to be valuable in understanding and treating microsporidia infections in fish, which are increasingly of economic importance.

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Section: Economic Importance Of Microsporidia Of Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal cell cultures in microsporidial research: their general roles and their specific use for fish microsporidia

Monaghan

Kent

Watral

et al. 2009

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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“…A search of the literature reveals reports of infectious diseases in research fishes being caused by agents already recognized as pathogens in aquarium or food fishes, such as Piscinoodinium pillulare (Westerfield, 2007), capillarid nematodes in zebrafish (Kent et al, 2002), Gram-negative septicemias (Pullium et al, 1999) and mycobacteriosis (Abner et al, 1994; Teska et al, 1997; Sanders and Swaim, 2001; Astrofsky et al, 2000; Kent et al, 2004; Watral and Kent, 2007; Whipps et al, 2007B). A few other pathogens with narrower host specificity have caused problems in research settings, such as microsporidia in zebrafish (Matthews et al, 2001) and stickleback (Kent and Fournie, 2007). …”

Section: Present Status Of Knowledge About Infectious Agents In Rementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comprehensive reviews and books on diseases in captive fishes and reports on specific diseases and protocols for laboratory fishes can be found elsewhere (Woo, 2006; Stoskopf et al, 1993; Casebolt et al 1998; Hoffman, 1999; Woo and Bruno, 1999; Noga, 2000; Ostrander, 2000; Dykstra et al, 2001; Astrofsky et al, 2002a,\b; Lee and O’Bryen, 2003; Matthews, 2004; Nickum et al, 2004; Batt et al, 2005; Pimenta-Leibowitz et al, 2005; Scarfe et al, 2006; Ferguson, 2006; Kent and Fournie, 2007). Our intent here is to present general recommendations and strategies for researchers, fish technicians, and veterinarians for controlling pathogens of fishes in research situations.…”

Section: Comparing Laboratory Fishes With Aquaculture and Ornamentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities

Kent

Feist

Harper

et al. 2009

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology &

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Concerns about infectious diseases in fish used for research have risen along with the dramatic increase in the use of fish as models in biomedical research. In addition to acute diseases causing severe morbidity and mortality, underlying chronic conditions that cause low-grade or subclinical infections may confound research results. Here we present recommendations and strategies to avoid or minimize the impacts of infectious agents in fishes maintained in the research setting. There are distinct differences in strategies for control of pathogens in fish used for research compared to fishes reared as pets or in aquaculture. Also, much can be learned from strategies and protocols for control of diseases in rodents used in research, but there are differences. This is due, in part, the unique aquatic environment that is modified by the source and quality of the water provided and the design of facilities. The process of control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities is relatively new, and will be an evolving process over time. Nevertheless, the goal of documenting, detecting, and excluding pathogens in fish is just as important as in mammalian research models.

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“…(30 to 100 × 20 to 60 µm) are dual-nucleated ciliates that can proliferate in a wide range of temperatures (5 to 25 °C [41 to 77 °F]) and penetrate epithelial cells in finfish, causing skin ulceration, a white to gray or blue sheen on the body due to hyperplasia of epithelial and mucous cells, and mortality. 13,16,21,22 Trichodina spp. (diameter, 35 to 60 µm) are ciliated and can cause similar cutaneous symptoms in amphibians, albeit through mechanical damage to the epithelial cells of skin and gills due to their sucking disc as they feed on organic matter and bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…(diameter, 35 to 60 µm) are ciliated and can cause similar cutaneous symptoms in amphibians, albeit through mechanical damage to the epithelial cells of skin and gills due to their sucking disc as they feed on organic matter and bacteria. 11,16,19,22 Most species of these 2 genera tend to be free-living but are opportunists and can be directly pathogenic depending on various factors, such as density and water quality. 15,16,19,21,22 Unlike Chilodonella and Trichodina, Ichthyobodo spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Multiple Protozoan Ectoparasites in a Research Colony of Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum)

Baker

Meyer

Llaniguez

et al. 2019

j am assoc lab anim sci

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Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) from a research colony presented with multifocal, white chalky to gray skin lesions, a diffuse whitish to blue hue to the integument, and friable gill filaments. Skin scrapings and wet mounts revealed Chilodonella, Ichthyobodo, and a trichodinid species. The average overall burden (that is, all 3 species) per axolotl ranged from 0 to 25 parasites per 40× field (p40f; mean ± 1 SD, 2.6 ± 5.5), with a prevalence of 12%, 60%, and 48%, respectively. Concurrent with husbandry modifications, axolotls were treated with an 8-h static immersion bath that contained 0.025 mL/L 37% formaldehyde. Chilodonella organisms were no longer observed after the initial treatment, and Ichthyobodo decreased from 2.4 ± 5.6 to 0.6 ± 1.8 organisms p40f. However, the average overall burden increased 4-fold to 10.5 ± 9.8 parasites p40f, and the trichodinid organisms increased 13-fold from 0.8 ± 2.3 to 10.4 ± 9.2 organisms p40f. A second treatment consisted of an 8-h immersion bath that contained 0.05 mL/L 37% formaldehyde on 2 consecutive days. A significant change was noted in the average overall burden of 0.5 ± 1.1 parasites p40f, a greater than 5-and 21-fold decrease from pretreatment and after the initial treatment, respectively. No significant change between the first and second treatment was observed for Ichthyobodo, with 0.6 ± 1.2 organisms p40f, but this number represented a significant decrease from pretreatment. After the second treatment, the trichodinid organism was detected in only one axolotl, with a low overall burden of 0.2 ± 0.4 organisms p40f and resulting in a significant decrease in the trichodinid count to 0.01 ± 0.04 organisms p40f. Treatment with formalin (37% formaldehyde), in conjunction with husbandry improvements, was effective in significantly reducing ectoparasite burden and eliminating clinical symptoms in axolotls but did not fully eliminate all protozoa.

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Parasites of Fishes

Cited by 10 publications

References 157 publications

Animal cell cultures in microsporidial research: their general roles and their specific use for fish microsporidia

Animal cell cultures in microsporidial research: their general roles and their specific use for fish microsporidia

Recommendations for control of pathogens and infectious diseases in fish research facilities

Management of Multiple Protozoan Ectoparasites in a Research Colony of Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum)

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