Animal cell cultures in microsporidial research: their general roles and their specific use for fish microsporidia

Monaghan, S. Richelle; Kent, Michael L.; Watral, Virginia; Kaufman, R. John; Lee, Lucy E. J.; Bols, Niels C.

doi:10.1007/s11626-008-9172-3

Cited by 30 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Although cell lines from many fish are available, failure to culture microsporidia is probably due to a lack of specific differentiated cell and tissue types from fish (Monaghan et al 2009). A variety of trials have been undertaken in this area of research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, in vitro culturing of fish microsporidia using fish cell lines has not shared the success attained with other in vitro systems (Monaghan et al 2009). Although cell lines from many fish are available, failure to culture microsporidia is probably due to a lack of specific differentiated cell and tissue types from fish (Monaghan et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spore extrudes the filament, through which it then injects its sporoplasm and nucleus into the cytoplasm of the host cell. Intra cellular proliferation follows, characterized by the developmental stages of merogony and sporogony (Monaghan et al 2009). The phylum Microsporidia comprises over 1200 species in nearly 150 genera (Wittner 1999, Franzen & Müller 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Herein, we investigated the capacity of eel kidney EK-1 cells to propagate H. saurida. We found that EK-1 cells supported development of H. saurida in vitro, thereby providing a fish cell culture model that enables further studies of the pathogen at the cellular level.Currently, in vitro culturing of fish microsporidia using fish cell lines has not shared the success attained with other in vitro systems (Monaghan et al 2009). Although cell lines from many fish are available, failure to culture microsporidia is probably due to a lack of specific differentiated cell and tissue types from fish (Monaghan et al 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line

Saleh¹,

Kumar²,

Abdel‐Baki³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Heterosporis saurida is an intracellular microsporidian that infects lizardfish Saurida undosquamis. Although some attempts have been introduced to clarify microsporidian host−pathogen interactions, development of novel strategies to combat fish diseases is still needed. Here we present an in vitro cultivation model for fish microsporidia based on an eel kidney cell line (EK-1), which is susceptible to infection by H. saurida. Spores were isolated from infected lizardfish and used to inoculate EK-1 cells. H. saurida were propagated in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line and detected by immunofluorescence. Developmental stages of H. saurida were seen in EK-1 cells by transmission electron microscopy. Identity of the parasite was confirmed by partial se quencing of the 16S rDNA gene. Our cell culture model provides a valuable means to explore molecular and immunological events and will facilitate development of effective treatment strategies.KEY WORDS: Fish · Microsporidia · Heterosporis saurida · Disease · Cell culture · EK-1 cell line Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 108: [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] 2014 tured eels in Japan (Hoshina 1951), H. schuberti in cultured ornamental cichlids and loricarid catfish from Germany (Lom et al. 1989), and H. finki in cultured angelfish Pterophyllum scalare from France (Michel et al. 1989). An undetermined species of Heterosporis was reported from cultured bettas Betta splendens in Thailand (Lom et al. 1993). Since 2000, Heterosporis has been confirmed in yellow perch Perca flavescens in the USA (Miller 2009). Most recently, H. saurida has been described from lizardfish Saurida undosquamis in the Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia (Al-Quraishy et al. 2012). These Hetero sporis species, in particular, cause significant pathogenic effects on the host and hence have negative economic consequences in the fish trade (AlQuraishy et al. 2012).Interest in in vitro propagation of certain microsporidia has intensified recently because several microsporidia are found to have low host specificity (Rinder et al. 2000, Sutherland et al. 2000, Lores et al. 2003, Coyle et al. 2004, Kumar et al. 2013, and some genera have been identified as opportunistic pathogens of humans, especially patients with ac quired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS; Didier 2005). Microsporidia that parasitize humans have also been reported in domestic animals, which may represent reservoir hosts , Rinder et al. 2000. The fact that microsporidia have been observed in fishes and can be cultured in mammalian cell lines, e.g. Hetero spo rosis sp. in the rabbit kidney epithelial cell line RK-13, supports the hypothesis that mammals may be natural reservoir hosts of fish microsporidia (Lores et al. 2003, Kumar et al. 2013.Although cell and tissue cultures are essential tools for the propagation and study of obligate intracellular pathogens such as microsporidia, research is hinde red by a lack of suitable cell cultures for propagation and study of fish microspor...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line

Saleh¹,

Kumar²,

Abdel‐Baki³

et al. 2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…However, they have been used on one occasion to study a fungal pathogen, the microsporidian Glugea hertwigi [180], and in a preliminary study on a bacterial pathogen, Yersinia ruckerii [181], which is presented here. Microsporidia need to infect animal cells, including fish cells [182], in order to complete their life cycle. Outside host cells, microsporidia exist as spores.…”

Section: Ciliates Interacting With Fish Microbial and Viral Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

Pinheiro¹,

Bols²

2013

Springer Science Reviews

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How the ciliates of fish can be cultured and be used to study ciliate/fish interactions are reviewed. The culturing of ciliates is currently done in basal solutions based on either freshwater, seawater, or bodily fluids of vertebrates. These are supplemented either with bacteria, fish cells, or organic matter, which can be defined or more commonly undefined, with proteose peptone being a prominent example. Among pathogenic ciliates, the most difficult to culture has been Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. To contrast, Cryptocaryon irritans caused a similar disease and has been maintained successfully in co-cultures with fish cells. Pathogenic scuticociliates and tetrahymenas are more amenable to culture, and can be grown axenically. These cultures have been used to study pathogenic mechanisms and to screen drugs for their potential chemotherapeutic value. Ciliates may act directly on fish to cause disease, but may also influence fish health indirectly through their interactions with other types of fish pathogens, for example bacteria and fungi. For example, in culture Tetrahymena spp. have been shown to phagocytose pathogenic bacteria, Yersinia ruckerii, and microsporidia, Glugea hertwigi, where ciliates are not linked to disease, very different ciliate/fish interactions are possible. For some fish larvae, free-living ciliates are a source of nutrients. Large-scale cultures of both freshwater and marine ciliates have been achieved and could be a source of feed for fish larvae in aquaculture. Finally, ciliates have the potential to feed on fish carcasses and in doing so make nutrients available to the ecosystem. In the future cell cultures should be invaluable in studying these and other possible relationships between fish and ciliates.

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Culture of Animal Cells

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Animal cell cultures in microsporidial research: their general roles and their specific use for fish microsporidia

Cited by 30 publications

References 99 publications

In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line

In vitro growth of the microsporidian Heterosporis saurida in the eel kidney EK-1 cell line

Use of Cell Cultures to Study the Interactions of Ciliates with Fish

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