Parasites

Llamas and alpacas in Europe: Endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control

“…Infections with F. hepatica have been described worldwide (Hernandez and Condorena, 1967;Cornick, 1988;Rickard and Bishop, 1991;Smith, 1993;Rickard, 1994;Puente, 1997;Duff et al, 1999;Gunsser et al, 1999;Hamir and Smith, 2002;Harwood et al, 2008;Ballweber, 2009) and are a major cause of production loss and mortality. Reports have been published about sporadic F. magna infections occurring in the USA (Conboy et al, 1988;Fowler, 2010). In Central Europe, especially Switzerland, Germany and Austria, dicrocoeliasis is one of the most devastating parasitic infections of SACs (Hertzberg et al, 1997;Wenker et al, 1998;Gunsser et al, 1999;Hengrave Burri et al, 2005;Hertzberg and Kohler, 2006;Schönmann, 2006;Klein et al, 2012).…”

“…The occurrence of SAC-specific nematodes such as Graphinema auchenia, Spiculopteragia peruviana, and Nematodirus lamae have only been reported in South America (Ballweber, 2009), the native habitat of all SACs. Lamanema chavezi is of great concern in South America especially in the crias (Guerrero et al, 1981;Smith, 1993;Cafrune et al, 2001;Fowler, 2010;Cebra et al, 2014) but is also of concern in North America (Jarvinen et al, 2014) andNew Zealand (McKenna et al, 2009). To the authors' knowledge no infections with this strongylid species have been reported in Europe, although Camelostrongylus spp.…”

“…Depending on the parasitic burden GIN infections can be subclinical, mild, or lead to death in SACs if untreated (Fowler, 2010). Independent of their severity, worm infections can pave the way for secondary diseases such as clostridiosis or a clinical outbreak of an already existing infection with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae (Messick, 2004;Lascola et al, 2009).…”

“…Gastrointestinal parasites identified in llamas and alpacas include nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and protozoa. Some species are SAC-specific but most are shared with other hosts (Leguia, 1991;Rickard and Bishop, 1991;Rickard, 1994;Fowler, 2010;Cebra et al, 2014).…”

“…Endoparasitism is a major health concern in SACs resulting in severe clinical diseases and economic losses (Ballweber, 2009;Fowler, 2010;Cebra et al, 2014). Gastrointestinal parasites identified in llamas and alpacas include nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and protozoa.…”