Parametric study on the production of the GAGG:Ce and LSO:Ce multicomponent oxide scintillator materials through use of a planetary ball mill

Abstract

The material presented herein focuses on the exploration of the production of gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet and lutetium oxyorthosilicate doped with cerium (GAGG:Ce and LSO:Ce, respectively) through mechanochemical means. Multiple parameters are explored including mass of starting material, ball size, rotational speed of the mill, number of balls employed, and material used for the milling container. Theoretical calculations were conducted using a pre-established equation and showed that, when all other parameters were held constant, in scenarios where (1) a smaller mass of sample, (2) faster revolutions per minute, (3) greater numbers of balls, or (4) a greater density of the material used for the vials and balls were employed, there should be higher energies imparted to the system. Actual results executed appeared to exhibit somewhat congruent results, but showed limitations due to experimental (non-idealized) conditions.

Effect of gamma-induced defects on the activator glow in Lu-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-SiO-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=- : Ce scintillator crystals

“…5, a did not change. These processes can be characterized as follows: when heat energy is transmitted to electrons released from traps (color centers), they undergo radiative recombination with holes on the Ce 4+ -centers according to reaction (2). Thereat, the defects, generated by the gammadose of 2.3 • 10 6 Gy, where charge localization is possible, can remain.…”

“…Single crystals of lutetium oxyorthosilicate, doped with cerium ions Lu 2 SiO 5 : Ce (LSO : Ce), are being actively studied as a very promising scintillation material, thanks to their high density (7.4 g/cm 3 ), short decay time (40 ns), high light output (26 000 photon/MeV), which is five times greater than the light output of the used Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) scintillators without activators, and a suitable radiation wavelength (410 nm) for photo-electric converters/radiation detectors [1][2][3]. LSO : Ce crystals were suggested for fast detection of γ-or X-rays in medical imaging (positron emission tomography PET, X-ray mammography), in nuclear physics and high-energy physics experiments (see, e.g., [4][5][6][7][8]).…”

Эффекты гамма-наведенных дефектов на активаторное свечение в сцинтилляторных кристаллах Lu-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-SiO-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=- : Ce

“…Монокристаллы оксиортосиликата лютеция, легированные ионами церия Lu 2 SiO 5 : Ce (LSO : Ce), интенсивно исследуются как очень перспективный сцинтилляционный материал, благодаря высокой плотности (7.4 g/сm 3 ), короткому времени затухания (40 ns), высокому световыходу (26 000 photon/MeV), который в пять раз превышает световыход используемых сцинциляторов Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 (BGO) без активаторов, и длине волны излучения (410 nm), подходящей для фотоэлектропреобразователей/детекторов радиации [1][2][3]. Кристаллы LSO : Ce были предложены для быстрого обнаружения гамма (γ)или рентгеновских лучей при медицинской визуализации (позитронно-эмиссионная томография ПЭТ, рентгеновская маммография), в экспериментах по ядерной физике, физике высоких энергий (см., например, [4][5][6][7][8]) .…”

First-principles studies of defect behaviour in bismuth germanate

“…Over the years there has been increased interest in them especially in fast time measurement in nuclear physics 1 , for precision calorimetry in high-energy physics 2 and for positron emission tomography in medical physics 3 . The interest has resulted in intense efforts channelled towards discovery, research and development of inorganic scintillator materials 1 , 4 . To be considered efficient, a scintillator is required to be stable upon exposure to radiation, posses high light yield, fast response, and high efficiency in absorbing radiation.…”