Parametric Study on Nanopattern Bactericidal Activity

Nano-Modified Titanium Implant Materials: A Way Toward Improved Antibacterial Properties

“…Bacteria find the adherent surface unfit to survive and try to move away, and the anchoring action of EPS leads to rupture of the bacterial cell wall and bacterial death. Furthermore, the applied mechanical forces affect the metabolomics and bacterial genome and may also be the mechanism by which bacteria die on their surfaces ( Rizzello et al, 2011 ; Belas, 2014 ; Persat, 2017 ; Velic et al, 2019 ). The mechanism of the antibacterial effect of nanopatterns is still not completely clarified, hence the research on the antibacterial mechanisms is crucial for the preparation of materials with excellent antibacterial effect.…”

“…Nanopatterns with different parameters (height from 100 nm to 900 nm, diameter from 10 nm to 300 nm, and spacing less than 500 nm) have been reported in the literature to exhibit bactericidal properties ( Modaresifar et al, 2019 ). Velic et al (2019) studied the effect of varied design parameters of nanopatterns on bacteria behavior by developing a two-dimensional finite element model and demonstrated that reducing the pillar diameter could effectively promote bactericidal efficiency. Additionally, preparing nanopillar structures with similar diameters but different densities and heights showed that extra stretched nanopillars with varying heights leads to rupture in the bacterial cell membranes (the membranes exceeded the threshold value of stretching) ( Wu et al, 2018 ).…”

Protruding Nanostructured Surfaces for Antimicrobial and Osteogenic Titanium Implants

“…Changes in tensile strength were modelled as a function of cell wall thickness and it was found that tensile stress of the cell wall increases as the tip of the nanopillars increases (Figure 2E). Velic et al used a two-dimensional finite element model to explain the interaction of Bacillus subtilis with a nanostructured surface [56]. Their model suggested that two key parameters for the bactericidal mechanism were nanopillar geometry and the interaction forces.…”

“…Density showed small effects, while diameter of the pillars and interaction forces between the bacteria and the surface showed significant differences [reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Jenkins et al proposed that the antibacterial effects of protruding nanostructured surfaces are multifactorial [47].…”

Resolving physical interactions between bacteria and nanotopographies with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy

“…Several biophysical models have been proposed to explain the mechanisms that drive this antimicrobial phenomenon ( Ivanova et al., 2020 ; Li and Chen, 2016 ; Linklater et al., 2018 ; Pogodin et al., 2013 ; Xue et al., 2015 ). Alongside the mechanistic theory of contact killing, several biological, chemical and physical factors have been directly linked to promoting nanotopography-mediated antimicrobial activity, including oxidative stress ( Jenkins et al., 2020 ), microbial adhesion force ( Bandara et al., 2017 ; Nowlin et al., 2014 ), bacterial cell wall thickness ( Hasan et al., 2013 ; Pogodin et al., 2013 ), chemical composition ( Devlin-Mullin et al., 2017 ; Ewald et al., 2006 ) and nanotopography geometry ( Dewald et al., 2018 ; Diu et al., 2014 ; Hazell et al., 2018a , 2018b ; Lüdecke et al., 2016 ; Velic et al., 2019 ; Watson et al, 2019 ).…”