Parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion of ship exhaust gas in the near field

Badeke, Ronny; Matthias, Volker; Grawe, David

doi:10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021

Cited by 14 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Unmanned aerial vehicles can reduce these costs but have limitations in cruising range, payload and weather conditions (Zhou et al, 2020). Optical sensing technologies that have been utilized to monitor ship plumes on distances of a few kilometers comprise light detection and ranging (lidar), ultraviolet cameras and multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) (Balzani Lööv et al, 2014;Seyler et al, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of ship plumes from residual fuel operation in emission control areas using single-particle mass spectrometry

et al. 2021

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Abstract. Ships are among the main contributors to global air pollution, with substantial impacts on climate and public health. To improve air quality in densely populated coastal areas and to protect sensitive ecosystems, sulfur emission control areas (SECAs) were established in many regions of the world. Ships in SECAs operate with low-sulfur fuels, typically distillate fractions such as marine gas oil (MGO). Alternatively, exhaust gas-cleaning devices (“scrubbers”) can be implemented to remove SO2 from the exhaust, thus allowing the use of cheap high-sulfur residual fuels. Compliance monitoring is established in harbors but is difficult in open water because of high costs and technical limitations. Here we present the first experiments to detect individual ship plumes from distances of several kilometers by single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). In contrast to most monitoring approaches that evaluate the gaseous emissions, such as manned or unmanned surveillance flights, sniffer technologies and remote sensing, we analyze the metal content of individual particles which is conserved during atmospheric transport. We optimized SPMS technology for the evaluation of residual fuel emissions and demonstrate their detection in a SECA. Our experiments show that ships with installed scrubbers can emit PM emissions with health-relevant metals in quantities high enough to be detected from more than 10 km distance, emphasizing the importance of novel exhaust-cleaning technologies and cleaner fuels. Because of the unique and stable signatures, the method is not affected by urban background. With this study, we establish a route towards a novel monitoring protocol for ship emissions. Therefore, we present and discuss mass spectral signatures that indicate the particle age and thus the distance to the source. By matching ship transponder data, measured wind data and air mass back trajectories, we show how real-time SPMS data can be evaluated to assign distant ship passages.

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confidence: 99%

Detection of ship plumes from residual fuel operation in emission control areas using single-particle mass spectrometry

et al. 2021

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“…The first step of this work is to find a good parameterization for the vertical concentration profile at a point where the plume movement is no longer affected by thermal plume rise or shipinduced turbulence, as these factors are usually not covered in larger-scale models. This is the case at a distance of around 100 m from the source (Badeke et al, 2021). At this distance, the vertical concentration profile is calculated with the microscale model MITRAS (Sect.…”

Section: Plume Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poplawski et al, 2011;Jahangiri et al, 2018;Murena et al, 2018;Bai et al, 2020) or Eulerian grid models like EPISODE-CityChem (e.g. Karl et al, 2019bPan et al, 2021;Ramacher et al 2020) or MITRAS on the microscale (Badeke et al, 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Karl et al, 2019c;Nunes et al, 2020). Badeke et al (2021) pointed out the importance of including plume rise and turbulent downward dispersion when modeling plume concentrations in the near field of a ship. They stated that the effect of wind speed and ship size can cause a pollutant downward dispersion of up to 55 % compared to 31 % in a case without accounting for the obstacle effect.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Due to the nonlinearity of plume rise and turbulent downwash effects, vertical plume concentration profiles can deviate from the Gaussian shape (Badeke et al, 2021;Bieser et al, 2011;Brunner et al, 2019). However, the sensitivity of an Eulerian model to different initial concentration profile assumptions has not been described.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions on urban pollutant concentration – a sensitivity study with MITRAS v2.0 and EPISODE-CityChem v1.4

Badeke

Matthias

Karl

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. The modeling of ship emissions in port areas involves several uncertainties and approximations. In Eulerian grid models, the vertical distribution of emissions plays a decisive role for the ground-level pollutant concentration. In this study, model results of a microscale model, which takes thermal plume rise and turbulence into account, are derived for the parameterization of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions. This is done considering various meteorological and ship-technical conditions. The influence of three different approximated parameterizations (Gaussian distribution, single cell emission and exponential Gaussian distribution) on the ground-level concentration are then evaluated in a city-scale model. Choosing a Gaussian distribution is particularly suitable for high wind speeds (> 5 m s−1) and a stable atmosphere, while at low wind speeds or unstable atmospheric conditions the plume rise can be more closely approximated by an exponential Gaussian distribution. While Gaussian and exponential Gaussian distributions lead to ground-level concentration maxima close to the source, with single cell emission assumptions the maxima ground-level concentration occurs at a distance of about 1500 m from the source. Particularly high-resolution city-scale studies should therefore consider ship emissions with a suitable Gaussian or exponential Gaussian distribution. From a distance of around 4 km, the selected initial distribution no longer shows significant differences for the pollutant concentration near the ground, therefore model studies with lower resolution can reasonably approximate ship plumes with a single cell emission.

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Measurements of Indoor Air Quality

Pipal¹,

Taneja²

2023

Handbook of Metrology and Applications

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Parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion of ship exhaust gas in the near field

Cited by 14 publications

References 38 publications

Detection of ship plumes from residual fuel operation in emission control areas using single-particle mass spectrometry

Detection of ship plumes from residual fuel operation in emission control areas using single-particle mass spectrometry

Effects of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions on urban pollutant concentration – a sensitivity study with MITRAS v2.0 and EPISODE-CityChem v1.4

Measurements of Indoor Air Quality

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