Paralytic shellfish toxins and associated toxin profiles in bivalve mollusc shellfish from Argentina

Marine natural products

“…356 Profiling of PSTs in molluscs collected in Argentina identified significant differences in profiles between clams, mussels and scallops and with interannual and seasonal changes. 648 Alternatives to the mouse bioassay for detection of PSTs have been trialled in a large study using shellfish sampled from Argentina, Mexico, Chile and Uruguay, highlighting strong correlations to results obtained using quantitative methods ( e.g. LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS) but with a high proportion of false positives determined by a rapid portable lateral flow assay that uses immunochromatography.…”

Application of Six Detection Methods for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Shellfish from Four Regions within Latin America

“…To date, various authors have reported the extent and distribution of total shellfish toxicity in each of the regions included in this study in a wide range of bivalve mollusc species [12,19,21,45,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]64,65,[67][68][69], with more recent work describing PST analogues present in each of the four LA regions included in this study; Mexico, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina [44,57,61,64]. Analogues of saxitoxin reported are wide ranging including all the main gonyautoxins, carbamoyl and decarbamoyl congeners available as commercial reference materials, in addition to M toxins more recently reported [44,57,61,64]. Whilst the M toxins currently have no assigned toxicity equivalence factors (TEFs), the remaining analogues all contribute to total sample toxicity to varying extents through the continent, so any monitoring methods should be capable of detecting and quantifying the analogues of importance in each region.…”

“…High levels of PSTs in Latin American shellfish have resulted in a significant number of PSP outbreaks. PSTs have been measured in a wide range of bivalve molluscs as well as other marine species including gastropods [39][40][41][42][43][44]. During 1980 in Argentina, the PSP toxicity of mussels was reported at levels equivalent to 312,048 µg STX eq./kg [44,45], with repeated events reported throughout the next 15 years [18,19,[46][47][48].…”

“…PSTs have been measured in a wide range of bivalve molluscs as well as other marine species including gastropods [39][40][41][42][43][44]. During 1980 in Argentina, the PSP toxicity of mussels was reported at levels equivalent to 312,048 µg STX eq./kg [44,45], with repeated events reported throughout the next 15 years [18,19,[46][47][48]. The toxicity of mussels harvested in Patagonia during 1992 was found to reach a maximum of 1,272,000 µg STX eq./kg [21,49].…”

Longitudinal Study on Seasonal Variation of Marine Biotoxins and Related Harmful Algae in Bivalve Mollusks Bred in Sardinia (Italy, W Mediterranean Sea) from 2015 to 2020 and Assessment of Potential Public Health Risks

“…853/2004 [5,6]: domoic acid (DA), causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP); saxitoxin (STX) and derivates, responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP); and the lipophilic toxins (LTs) group, including okadaic acid (OA) and its derivates, Dinophysis toxins (DTXs) and associated esters, responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and pectenotoxins (PTXs), yessotoxins (YTXs), gymnodimine (GYMs), spirolides, pinnatoxins, portimine and azaspiracid (AZAs) [7][8][9]. PSP is a potentially fatal syndrome that occurs when shellfish consumers are exposed to neurotoxins known as STX and derivates [10] produced by several dinoflagellates belonging to the genus Alexandrium, such as Alexandrium pacificum, Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium acatenella and Alexandrium minutum. A. minutum is the most widespread toxic species in the western Mediterranean Sea [11].…”