Para-Phenylenediamine Induces Apoptotic Death of Melanoma Cells and Reduces Melanoma Tumour Growth in Mice

Abstract

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer, usually resistant to standard chemotherapeutics. Despite a huge number of clinical trials, any success to find a chemotherapeutic agent that can effectively destroy melanoma is yet to be achieved. Para-phenylenediamine (p-PD) in the hair dyes is reported to purely serve as an external dyeing agent. Very little is known about whether p-PD has any effect on the melanin producing cells. We have demonstrated p-PD mediated apoptotic death of both human and mouse melanoma cells in vitro. Mouse melanoma tumour growth was also arrested by the apoptotic activity of intraperitoneal administration of p-PD with almost no side effects. This apoptosis is shown to occur primarily via loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and caspase 8 activation. p-PD mediated apoptosis was also confirmed by the increase in sub-G0/G1 cell number. Thus, our experimental observation suggests that p-PD can be a potential less expensive candidate to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent for melanoma.

Rhus semialata M. extract ameliorate para-phenylenediamine-induced toxicity in keratinocytes

“…Additionally, results of Annexin-V/PI staining and Hoechst 33,342 staining show that RSE could suppress PPD induced apoptosis. Many previous studies have demonstrated that PPD induced ROS production could be attributable to activation of apoptosis via mitochondrial membrane potential collapse [ 39 , 40 ]. In our experiment, we determined change of mitochondrial membrane potential by PPD treatment, with or without RSE.…”

New cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate): Synthesis, characterization, and inhibitory effects against selected bacteria and cancer cells

“…On the other hand, several studies have reported their anti-cancer activities using various in vivo and in vitro settings. [10][11][12] In addition, phenylenediamine-containing compounds have been tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp through disc diffusion method. These compounds have shown a broad activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.…”