Paper-based molecularly imprinted-interpenetrating polymer network for on-spot collection and microextraction of dried blood spots for capillary electrophoresis determination of carbamazepine

Abstract

Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug with a narrow therapeutic index, which requires an efficient method for blood level monitoring. Finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) collection is an alternative microsampling technique, which is less invasive than conventional venipuncture. Paper-based molecularly imprinted-interpenetrating polymer networks (MI-IPN) were developed as blood collection devices, which allowed for selective on-spot microextraction of carbamazepine from DBS. A hybrid of homogeneous polystyrene and silica gel polymer was synthesized and coated on a Whatman ® Grade 1 filter paper. Proteins and other interferences in the blood samples were eliminated by using the MI-IPN collection devices, and the resulting DBS extracts were suitable for direct injection into the capillary electrophoretic instrument. The lower limit of quantitation of 4 μg/mL in capillary blood was achieved by the sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography method using a KCl-containing matrix, which was sufficient for the therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. Method accuracies were in the range of 88.4 ± 4.5% to 94.5 ± 2.7% with RSD values ≤ 5.1%. The developed paper-based MI-IPN provided superior extraction efficiencies (92.2 ± 2.5%) in comparison with commercially available DBS collection cards, i.e., Whatman ® 903 protein saver card (59.8 ± 2.8%) and GenCollect™ 2.0 card (47.2 ± 1.4%). The paper-based MI-IPN devices for DBS collection and on-spot extraction were characterized by simple fabrication, low costs, disposability, and reduction in sample preparation steps, and their further developments might open new perspectives in clinical applications, such as in therapeutic drug monitoring.

Electromembrane extraction‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection of phenobarbital and phenytoin in human plasma, saliva, and urine

“…[11] During last decades, several instrumental techniques have been introduced in literature to analyze AEDs in biological samples, for example, immune assays, [12] high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC), [13,14] micellar electrokinetic chromatography, [15] and capillary electrophoresis. [16][17][18] Nevertheless, identification of AEDs in complicated biological samples with considerable concentration of interfering matrix involves a sample preparation stage to enrich the sample before the instrumental evaluation. Therefore, having a simple and reliable sample preparation approach at hand is a necessity.…”

Optimization of Magnetic and Paper-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Charantin in Momordica charantia

“…According to a previous study [20], a combination of MIPs and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is capable of more specific binding to the analyte and efficient interference removal. This network is composed of two or more polymers that are at least partially interlaced on the molecular scale without covalent bond formation.…”

“…Firstly, a solution containing 390 µL TMOS, 762.5 µL AIBN, and 390 µL 0.1 M HCl was mixed in 4 mL ACN by stirring before the addition of 220 µL styrene monomers and template solution. The NIPs were also prepared with the absence of template [20]. Subsequently, 20 mg Fe 3 O 4 MNPs (particle size of 20 nm) was added to the reaction mixture for the preparation of Fe 3 O 4 @MIPs/NIPs.…”

“…Similarly, cellulosic paper was used as a porous material platform for sensing devices [16,17], enzymatic reactors [18,19], and MIPs extraction sorbents [20,21]. Paper is a ubiquitous, inexpensive, and biodegradable material that is compatible with a wide range of chemicals.…”

Green molecularly imprinted polymers for sustainable sample preparation

“…After polymerization, modified frits can be easily placed inside SPE cartridges allowing the selective extraction of target analytes using a remarkably lower volume of organic solvents compared to that used in conventional SPE. Besides, it is important to highlight recent works on the in-situ synthesis of MIPs coatings onto the surface of filter paper, which, after polymerization, can be placed on the syringe filter holder [74], immersed in samples and solvents [75], or even directly used for paper spray ionization MS [76]. Regardless of the format, paper is an excellent green support, inexpensive, and readily available in any laboratory and thus appears as a powerful alternative in the development of sustainable microextraction techniques.…”