Paper-Based Immunosensors with Bio-Chemiluminescence Detection

Abstract

Since the introduction of paper-based analytical devices as potential diagnostic platforms a few decades ago, huge efforts have been made in this field to develop systems suitable for meeting the requirements for the point-of-care (POC) approach. Considerable progress has been achieved in the adaptation of existing analysis methods to a paper-based format, especially considering the chemiluminescent (CL)-immunoassays-based techniques. The implementation of biospecific assays with CL detection and paper-based technology represents an ideal solution for the development of portable analytical devices for on-site applications, since the peculiarities of these features create a unique combination for fitting the POC purposes. Despite this, the scientific production is not paralleled by the diffusion of such devices into everyday life. This review aims to highlight the open issues that are responsible for this discrepancy and to find the aspects that require a focused and targeted research to make these methods really applicable in routine analysis.

Label-Free Physical Techniques and Methodologies for Proteins Detection in Microfluidic Biosensor Structures

“…Because of their significance, the detection, quantification, and characterization of proteins are among the most common tasks in medicine and biology, both in benchtop research and in clinical practice [ 1 ]. Highly sophisticated equipment and extremely sensitive techniques [ 2 ], such as gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 8 , 9 ], mass-spectrometry [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], western blotting [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], isotope labeling [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], light scattering [ 27 , 28 ], chemiluminescence [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], circular dichroism [ 32 , 33 , 34 ], and optical spectroscopy [ 35 , 36 , 37 ] are widely used in proteomics research.…”

Polymer Components for Paper‐Based Analytical Devices

“…[ 1 ] More recently, filter paper has emerged as a popular substrate for developing analytical devices aimed at detecting analytes at the point of need, including disease biomarkers, pathogens, environmental pollutants, and explosives, among others. [ 2–12 ] Paper is indeed an advantageous material for sensor fabrication since it is widely available and inexpensive, making it ideal for rapid prototyping. [ 13,14 ] It is obtained from renewable sources and can be destroyed by incineration, which is important for developing single‐use devices.…”

“…Cellulose is a biopolymer made of linear chains of D-glucose linked by β (1)(2)(3)(4) glycosidic bonds that is used in the manufacture of myriads of everyday applications, from sanitary products to cleaning wipes and stationary items. In paper, cellulose is engineered to generate a porous mesh made of fibers.…”

“…[1] More recently, filter paper has emerged as a popular substrate for developing analytical devices aimed at detecting analytes at the point of need, including disease biomarkers, pathogens, environmental pollutants, and explosives, among others. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Paper is indeed an advantageous material for sensor fabrication can wrap around the cellulose fibers and change their interfacial chemistry. For instance, negatively charged cellulose can be rendered positively charged when modified with a polymer bearing amines.…”

Smartphone-Based Chemiluminescent Origami µPAD for the Rapid Assessment of Glucose Blood Levels

“…Among the various optical detection principles employed in smartphone-based µPADs, chemiluminescence (CL), i.e., the photon emission triggered by a chemical reaction, is particularly advantageous, owing to its high specificity and detectability and to its amenability to miniaturization [10][11][12]. Although several µPADs with CL detection have been proposed for a variety of applications [13], they often involve complex analytical protocols requiring sequential addition of reagents. Indeed, technological solutions, such as cartridges for CL reagents handling or dissolvable walls for fluids flow control, have been often implemented to retain POC applicability [14,15].…”