Paper-based device for rapid typing of secondary human blood groups

Abstract

We report the use of bioactive paper for typing of secondary human blood groups. Our recent work on using bioactive paper for human blood typing has led to the discovery of a new method for identifying haemagglutination of red blood cells. The primary human blood groups, i.e., ABO and RhD groups, have been successfully typed with this method. Clinically, however, many secondary blood groups can also cause fatal blood transfusion accidents, despite the fact that the haemagglutination reactions of secondary blood groups are generally weaker than those of the primary blood groups. We describe the design of a user-friendly sensor for rapid typing of secondary blood groups using bioactive paper. We also present mechanistic insights into interactions between secondary blood group antibodies and red blood cells obtained using confocal microscopy. Haemagglutination patterns under different conditions are revealed for optimization of the assay conditions.

The detection of blood group phenotypes using paper diagnostics

“…This method was used for ABO and RhD groups . The second uses the flow‐through method , which washes through the paper, rather than along, utilizing a filtration mechanism. While each method has been successful when testing ABO and RhD blood types, this is the first report testing paper diagnostics for the detection of blood group phenotypes other than ABO and RhD using both methods.…”

Indirect antiglobulin paper test for red blood cell antigen typing by flow-through method

“…4,7,9,12 Li et al 7 underlined the signicance of pH of the ushing buffer at about 7 as the positive charges can enhance RBC and antibody interactions. 4,7,9,12 Li et al 7 underlined the signicance of pH of the ushing buffer at about 7 as the positive charges can enhance RBC and antibody interactions.…”

“…[4][5][6][7][8][9] Despite the advancement of technology in the blood banking industry, detection of the presence (positive reaction) or absence (negative reaction) of red blood cell (RBC) agglutination resulting from interactions between antibodies targeted against specic antigens on the RBC surface remains the most widely-used blood typing principle. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Despite the advancement of technology in the blood banking industry, detection of the presence (positive reaction) or absence (negative reaction) of red blood cell (RBC) agglutination resulting from interactions between antibodies targeted against specic antigens on the RBC surface remains the most widely-used blood typing principle.…”

“…10 Paper provides a exible platform to detect agglutination of RBCs as the bre network of paper functions as a chromatographic lter for RBC agglutinates while non-agglutinated RBCs can be easily removed from the paper through ushing with a saline buffer. 4,5,[7][8][9] The rst is the elution method which relies on the chromatography principle to elute non-agglutinated RBCs along the paper away from the original blood spot while agglutinated RBCs remain trapped. 4,5,[7][8][9] The rst is the elution method which relies on the chromatography principle to elute non-agglutinated RBCs along the paper away from the original blood spot while agglutinated RBCs remain trapped.…”

“…4 The identication of ABO and RhD blood groups on paper diagnostics was successfully achieved with two methods. 7,9 A major factor to the poor performance of IgG antibodies treated on paper is the small monomeric structure of IgG antibodies that does not contribute to direct agglutination of IgG-sensitised RBCs, unlike IgM antibodies with large pentamer structures that induces direct agglutination of IgM-sensitised RBCs. The second ow-through method is based on ltration where non-agglutinated RBCs are ushed through paper while agglutinated RBCs are retained.…”