Panel estimates of the earnings gap in Norway: do female immigrants experience a double earnings penalty?

Abstract

This study explores the possibility that being both a ‘female’ and an ‘immigrant’ will impose an earnings disadvantage on immigrant women in Norway. Well-known techniques are used to decompose the earnings gap between Norwegian men and immigrant women into portions attributable to productivity differentials, portions attributable to a gender effect, and portions attributable to an ethnic effect. The analysis supports the following conclusions: First, there is evidence of a double negative effect on female immigrant earnings. Second, gender effect is more important than ethnic effect. Finally, the discrimination estimates are robust to the alternative methods used in decomposing Norwegian men-immigrant women earnings gap.

Raining stones?: Female immigrants in the Spanish labour market

“…Finally, regarding how the situation in Spain compares with the one reported in other countries, the results reached in terms of wages are quite similar to those reported for Canada by Beach and Worswick (1993), who find a negative effect for high-educated female women, Shamsuddin (1998) and Hayfron (2002). In turn, they appear to be different from the findings of Husted et al (2000) for Denmark, where only a minority of foreign-born women (Pakistani) faces, on average, a double penalty and those reported by other studies based in less sophisticated techniques.…”

“…Such effect it is clearly not present for other groups of immigrants. Last, Hayfron (2002), in a work focused on Norway, concludes that 2 However, this pattern is not uniform across nationalities. For example, while African or Asian women represent only one third of immigrants of both regions, in the case of people from European countries (other than EU members) and Latin America and the Caribbean, females account for roughly 55 percent of the total.…”

Is the gender wage gap declining in the Netherlands?

“…However, the panel estimates also show a large unexplained wage differential between men and women (see table 4). The panel estimates show a productivity advantage of women of about ten log points, which is opposite to the estimate for Norway (Hayfron, 2003), and a large Also the men are slightly underpaid by approximately six log points.…”

“…Blau and Kahn, 2000;Hayfron, 2003) and numerous other studies, the effect attributed to productivity differences is low.…”

Overeducation and Overskilling in Australia: Second Generation Greek-Australians and Italian-Australians

“…Here, research points to employment and poverty traps that await new migrants who rely on 'ethnic employment' due to low language skills or a 'taste for isolation' or even 'oppositional identities' (Shippler 2005;Blackaby et al 2005;Borjas 1999). Warman (2007) and Hayfron (2002) This paper utilises the empirical methodology proposed by Hartog (2000) and applied by Voon and Miller (2005) in Australia. This allows us to estimate the dollar value of education for men and women as well as that of second generation GreekAustralians, Italian-Australians and Indigenous Australians.…”