“…Although the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (A(H1N1)pdm09) was mild compared to previous pandemics (Gatherer, 2009;Reed et al, 2009;Shen, Ma, & Wang, 2009), Indigenous populations residing in remote and/or isolated areas suffered disproportionately, particularly in Canada, the United States, and Australia (Barker, 2010;Flint et al, 2010;Kermode-Scott, 2009;Kumar et al, 2009;La Ruche et al, 2009;Spence & White, 2010;Trauer, Laurie, McDonnell, Kelso, & Markey, 2011;Zarychanski et al, 2010). The differential health outcomes experienced in such communities during a pandemic may be attributed to a variety of complex challenges that arise from social, economic, environmental, and cultural inequalities (Groom et al, 2009;Richardson, Driedger, Pizzi, Wu, & Moghadas, 2012;Tsuji, 1998). Previous research suggests that differences in the presence of pre-existing co-morbidities, population profiles, access to healthcare services, transmission dynamics, and malnutrition in remote and/or isolated Indigenous communities may result in more severe influenza-related outcomes (La Ruche et al, 2009;Morrison, Buckeridge, Xiao, & Moghadas, 2014;Mostaço-Guidolin, Towers, Buckeridge, & Moghadas, 2013;Spence & White, 2010).…”