Palm‐based cellulose nanofiber isolated from mechano‐chemical processing as sustainable rheological modifier in reduced fat mayonnaise

Abstract

Reducing fat intake from our daily diet serves to be an effective way to combat the rising obesity issue worldwide. Hence, reducing fat content in mayonnaise, a high fat food product, is one of the primary trends in the food industry. To date, research on the use of nanocellulose, a new and emerging form of fat mimetic, in mayonnaise formulation remains limited. This study sets out to formulate reduced fat 5%, 15%, and 30% mayonnaise using varying concentration of nanocellulose synthesized from palm pressed fiber followed by a 20‐day stability study. Nanocellulose was synthesized with particle size of 106.0 ± 18.7 nm and zeta potential of −72.5 ± 2.26 mV. It was used as fat mimetic in mayonnaise. Rheological analysis conducted showed that incorporation of nanocellulose into reduced fat mayonnaise formulation was able to counteract the loss of viscosity in mayonnaise caused by fat content reduction. This finding was further supported by the smaller oil droplets that are closely packed in reduced fat mayonnaise formulation when viewed under light microscope. Nonetheless, significant oil droplet coalescence was found in reduced fat mayonnaise formulations during storage period which could lead to loss of viscosity. Taken together, these findings suggest that CNF was able to act as fat mimetic upon formulation of mayonnaise but the same cannot be said during long term storage of mayonnaise. Practical Application We successfully isolated nanocellulose from palm biomass (palm pressed fiber) using green approach and used it as a fat replacer for preparation of 5%, 15%, and 30% reduced fat mayonnaise. A computation study revealed a strong binding affinity of the nanocellulose on the lipase active site essential to inhibit the digestion of fats and oils. Therefore, nanocellulose demonstrated a huge potential to be used as not only as fat replacer but also rheological modifier for the development of reduced fat or vegan foods.

Palm‐based nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in carotenoid encapsulation and its incorporation into margarine‐like reduced fat spread as fat replacer

“…In vivo study of rats fed with NFC-modified cream further supported the inhibition of fat digestion with similar mechanisms (DeLoid et al, 2018). Moreover, Golchoobi et al (2016), Heggset et al (2020), and Lee et al (2022) reported on the improved rheological and organoleptic properties of low-fat mayonnaise upon the addition of NFC.…”

“…Electrophoretic light scattering method from Lee et al (2022) was followed to measure zeta potential by Nano ZS zetasizer (Malvern Panalytical Ltd.) at room temperature (25 • C). Dilution of emulsion samples with 20 mM sodium chloride solution was conducted to prevent multiple scattering effects.…”

Impact of physico‐chemical properties of nanocellulose on rheology of aqueous suspensions and its utility in multiple fields: A review

“…Treatment • Bio-compatible bio-ink assisted the cell encapsulation at 5 million cells/mL cell density. [139] carried out in the present section makes clear the emerging and cutting-edge applications of NCs as rheology modulators in the coating [117] and paint industries [118] as well as a rheology modulator for cement, [119] composites, [118,[120][121][122] electronic devices, [122][123][124][125] cosmetics, foods, [117,[126][127][128][129][130] drilling fluids, [122,131] and so forth. The superior mechanical, shear thinning, and bio-compatible/non-cytotoxic qualities of NC have also piqued researchers' attention in developing 3D bio-printing materials for creating viable living human organs/tissues.…”

“…[ 84,120–149 ] Some of the top‐notch characteristics that specifically define the distinctive rheological features of NC suspensions and their ability to act as rheology modifiers in diverse applications include their large water retention/holding potential, remarkable shear thinning behavior, their capabilities to align at high shear rates, thickening impact, and their capacity to form thixotropic frameworks that excellent restoration phenomena. The literature review carried out in the present section makes clear the emerging and cutting‐edge applications of NCs as rheology modulators in the coating [ 117 ] and paint industries [ 118 ] as well as a rheology modulator for cement, [ 119 ] composites, [ 118,120–122 ] electronic devices, [ 122–125 ] cosmetics, foods, [ 117,126–130 ] drilling fluids, [ 122,131 ] and so forth. The superior mechanical, shear thinning, and bio‐compatible/non‐cytotoxic qualities of NC have also piqued researchers' attention in developing 3D bio‐printing materials for creating viable living human organs/tissues.…”

Electrospun zein nanofibers containing anthocyanins extracted from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.)

“…Electrospinning is an easy, universal, and hopeful process to make continuous micro to nanofibrous films from polymers because of its unique fiber arrangements (Deng et al., 2018; Dodero et al., 2020). Nowadays, single‐fluid electrospinning (Lee et al., 2022; Wong et al., 2022) is being developed into multi‐fluid electrospinning techniques such as coaxial (Jiang et al., 2022), tri‐axial (Wang et al., 2020), parallel or side‐by‐side (Wang, Yu, et al., 2023), and other complex processes (Wang, Ge, et al., 2023) for employment in different fields. Coaxial electrospinning processes can generate core–shell nanofibers with an outer layer protecting unstable bioactive compounds.…”