Palladium‐catalyzed electroless plating of gold on latex particle surfaces

Abstract

Gold can be deposited onto a latex particle surface via the growth of metal islands with the electroless plating method. A new method is proposed for the electroless plating of gold on the surface of poly(styrene-covinylimidazole) latex particles, which is catalyzed by palladium present on the latex particle surfaces. The palladium ions are anchored to the latex particle surfaces by the formation of a palladium-imidazole complex, and palladium nanoparticles are nucleated by a reductant. These palladium islands act as catalytic sites, so gold is preferentially deposited onto the latex particle surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and sucrose density gradient column results indicate that the palladium is associated with the imidazole-functionalized latex particles. Different gold loading levels and reductant types were explored. Latex particles were partially encapsulated by finely dispersed gold nanoparticles less than 2 nm in diameter or by gold islands with sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm up to a gold loading level of 3.1 mg of Au/m 2 of latex. However, using higher gold loading levels led to uncontrollable electroless plating of gold because gold reduction in the water phase became very dominant even in the presence of catalytic palladium on the latex particle surface.

Metal-conductive polymer hybrid nanostructures: preparation and electrical properties of palladium–polyimidazole nanowires

“…Two smaller peaks can also be observed at 334.1 eV for Pd 3d5/2 and 339.4 eV Pd 3d3/2 are attributed to Pd 0 . These binding energies are in agreement with results reported for Pd 0 and Pd(II) [42][43][44] and confirm the formation of metallic palladium, but also the presence of substantial unreduced Pd(II). The extra peak at 344.5 eV is attributed to surface plasmon energy loss [45] associated with the Pd 3d5/2 electrons of binding energy 334.1 eV; the corresponding energy loss associated with Pd 3d3/2 is out of the measured energy range.…”

Effect of Zn(NO3)2 filler on the dielectric permittivity and electrical modulus of PMMA

“…These are flexible and can be processed well at low temperature thereby exhibiting high dielectric break down. [3][4][5][6] In an isolated macromolecule, atoms are covalently bonded and linked with a large number of conformations in space and time. 7,8 Due to such conformation, their properties and behaviour are known to be very complex in solution phase.…”

In‐situ formation of metal nanoparticle/acrylic polymer hybrid and its application to miniemulsion polymerization

“…Metal nanoparticle/acrylic polymer hybrid latex particles were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization via the in‐situ formation of palladium and silver nanoparticles in the miniemulsion‐droplets. The hybrid latex particles are potentially converted to metallodielectric composite particles via electroless metal deposition on their surface and also applicable to coating materials whose surface can be metallized by electroless plating.…”

“…The hybrid particles are expected to be used as imaging and sensing materials and catalysts for organic synthesis . Electroless plating of the hybrid particles forms the metallic nanoshell, resulting in the formation of polymer‐core metal‐shell nanoparticles . Thus, immobilizing metal nanoparticles on the surface or inside of polymer particles for producing hybrid particles has been studied intensely.…”