Palaeoclimate perturbations before the Sheinwoodian glaciation: A trigger for extinctions during the ‘Ireviken Event’

Lehnert, Oliver; Männik, Peep; Joachimski, Michael M.; Calner, Mikael; Frýda, Jiří

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.009

Cited by 91 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The link between Ordovician−Silurian evolutionary dynamics of the marine fauna and global climatic events is well supported (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36), especially for the LOME and the Sheinwoodian climatic− evolutionary events and their accompanying perturbations in the carbon cycle. The clade survived these catastrophic extinction rates, among the highest recorded for any marine group (11), by virtue of the correlated, equally intense, spikes in origination rate (13); extinction otherwise would have been sufficient to almost extinguish the clade in less than a million years.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Crampton

Cooper

Sadler

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Two distinct regimes of extinction dynamic are present in the major marine zooplankton group, the graptolites, during the Ordovician and Silurian periods (486−418 Ma). In conditions of "background" extinction, which dominated in the Ordovician, taxonomic evolutionary rates were relatively low and the probability of extinction was highest among newly evolved species ("background extinction mode"). A sharp change in extinction regime in the Late Ordovician marked the onset of repeated severe spikes in the extinction rate curve; evolutionary turnover increased greatly in the Silurian, and the extinction mode changed to include extinction that was independent of species age ("high-extinction mode"). This change coincides with a change in global climate, from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. During the most extreme episode of extinction, the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, old species were selectively removed ("mass extinction mode"). Our analysis indicates that selective regimes in the Paleozoic ocean plankton switched rapidly (generally in <0.5 My) from one mode to another in response to environmental change, even when restoration of the full ecosystem was much slower (several million years). The patterns observed are not a simple consequence of geographic range effects or of taxonomic changes from Ordovician to Silurian. Our results suggest that the dominant primary controls on extinction throughout the lifespan of this clade were abiotic (environmental), probably mediated by the microphytoplankton.T he importance of the marine plankton in both the carbon cycle and in the food web that supports the diversity of marine life is undisputed. However, the evolutionary dynamics of planktic species and the factors controlling their diversity and evolutionary turnover are still poorly known (1, 2). This is particularly so for the Paleozoic, where problems of preservation and sampling bias, and poor time resolution, have precluded detailed analysis. How does the marine plankton respond to environmental perturbations arising from climate change over geological time? How does background extinction differ from episodic and mass extinction in the pelagic realm? Is the risk of plankton species extinction dependent on the amount of time since the species originated (3)? These questions have important implications for macroevolutionary process, stability of marine ecosystems, and modern biodiversity conservation (3-5). Here, using a new global data set of unparalleled temporal resolution, we attempt to answer these questions.The graptoloid clade (order Graptoloidea) constituted the main component of the early Paleozoic macrozooplankton from the beginning of the Ordovician to the Early Devonian (6). Graptoloids were colonial filter-feeding protochordates, generally ranging from a few millimeteres up to ∼200 mm in maximum dimension, which lived suspended in the water column in a range of depth zones. They have been used extensively for correlation and zonation (7-10), and the stratigraphic distributions of species are well docum...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Crampton

Cooper

Sadler

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…There, the onset of the positive excursion is associated with the Ireviken Event as defined by Cramer et al (2010Cramer et al ( , p. 1704 and is coincident with the Phaulactis layer, a mass occurrence of the rugose coral Phaulactis sp. The Phaulactis layer is associated with an interval of sediment starvation, and is marked by an increase in d 13 C carb values from þ 1.4‰ to þ 4.5‰ (Munnecke et al 2003;Lehnert et al 2010). It is notable that mass occurrences of solitary rugose corals, including Phaulactis occur at this level in both Baltica and Avalonia; this horizon apparently represents an epibole.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Within the Silurian, there are at least four major positive carbon isotope excursions (Cramer et al 2011). The early Wenlock (Sheinwoodian) extinction event (Ireviken Event of Jeppsson (1987)) and carbon isotope excursion (Ireviken Excursion of , also termed "early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion" (ESCIE; Lehnert et al (2010)), is located close to the Llandovery/Wenlock boundary (Cramer et al 2010). This excursion commences at a level high within the Cyrtograptus murchisoni graptolite Zone (Pterospathodus pennatus procerus conodont Superzone) and extends into the middle Cyrtograptus rigidus -Monograptus antennularisMonograptus belophorus graptolite Zone (the Kockelella walliseri conodont Zone of Cramer et al 2011) (Melchin et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is expressed as a significant positive carbon isotope excursion, reaching maximum values in the Monograptus riccartonensis -firmus to lower C. rigidus -M. antennularis -M. belophorus graptolite zones (Upper Kockelella ranuliformis to Ozarkodina sagitta rhenana conodont zones) (Melchin et al 2012) with the largest d 13 C carb peak recorded reaching þ 6.6‰ in Norway (Baltica) (Kaljo et al 2004). The early Sheinwoodian extinction event and carbon isotope excursion are undoubtedly global in nature, having been recognized from various different Silurian palaeocontinents (Lehnert et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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δ¹³C_carbdata recording the early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion on the Midland Platform, UK

Hughes

Ray²,

Brett

2014

GFF

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d 13 C carb data from the Tortworth and Woolhope inliers, Midland Platform, UK, provide a record of part of the early Sheinwoodian (Ireviken) carbon isotope excursion. The shallow-marine mixed carbonate/ siliciclastic successions exhibit a maximum d 13 C carb value of þ5.8‰ VPDB. Values begin to increase sharply at the Pycnactis Band, a prominent flooding surface, and decrease over a transgressive sequence between the Woolhope and Coalbrookdale formations. The study provides an improved chronostratigraphic correlation across the Sheinwoodian of the Midland Platform (Avalonia) and further afield, and highlights the power of integrated chemostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the absence of well-developed biostratigraphy.

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“…These events affected several fossil groups such as graptolites, conodonts, chitinozoans and acritarchs (Bergström, 1990;Calner, 2008). During the Llandovery and Wenlock, these crises were identified by fluctuations in the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton, particularly documented in Baltica and Laurentia (e.g., Gelsthorpe, 2004;Strother, 2008;Lehnert et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palynology and palynofacies analysis of a Silurian (Llandovery–Wenlock) marine succession from the Precordillera of western Argentina: Palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental significance

Muro

Rubinstein

Martínez

2016

Marine Micropaleontology

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Palaeoclimate perturbations before the Sheinwoodian glaciation: A trigger for extinctions during the ‘Ireviken Event’

Cited by 91 publications

References 62 publications

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

δ¹³C_carbdata recording the early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion on the Midland Platform, UK

Palynology and palynofacies analysis of a Silurian (Llandovery–Wenlock) marine succession from the Precordillera of western Argentina: Palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental significance

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Palaeoclimate perturbations before the Sheinwoodian glaciation: A trigger for extinctions during the ‘Ireviken Event’

Cited by 91 publications

References 62 publications

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

δ13Ccarbdata recording the early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion on the Midland Platform, UK

Palynology and palynofacies analysis of a Silurian (Llandovery–Wenlock) marine succession from the Precordillera of western Argentina: Palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental significance

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δ¹³C_carbdata recording the early Sheinwoodian carbon isotope excursion on the Midland Platform, UK