PAL Gene Activity and Rosmarinic Acid Production in Rosemary Genotypes

El-Naggar, Hany M.; Read, Paul E.

doi:10.1080/10496475.2010.481907

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The I. rugosus flower, which produced the most RA, also had the highest PAL, C4H, and RAS gene expression as evidenced by band intensity, while D. mucoranta and V. grandifolrium, which had very low PAL gene expression, produced the least RA compound. These results in term of PAL enzyme was consistent with the findings from other scientists in species from other families as well (El-Naggar & Read, 2010;Kim et al, 2014;Levsh et al, 2019;Swedan, 2013). In studies cloning and analyzing the expression of key regulator genes involved in RA biosynthesis, it was found that PAL, C4H, 4CL, and RAS expression was associated with RA production (Gottardini et al, 2016;Song & Li, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quantification of rosmarinic acid from different plant species of lower Himalayan region and expression analysis of underlying L‐Phenylalanine pathway

Mughees

Farooq

Haq

et al. 2022

Physiologia Plantarum

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This study adopts a very effective high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for the quantitative determination of rosmarinic acid (RA) and PCR‐based amplification of biosynthetic key regulators in Isodon rugosus, Daphne mucronata, and Viburnum grandiflorum from the lower Himalayan regions. Rosmarinic acid is engaged in a variety of biological processes and has significant industrial significance. In this study, it was identified from crude methanolic extract using thin‐layer chromatography with a standard, and its content was quantified using HPLC without interrupting spikes using a mixture of methanol and deionized water containing acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) and acetic acid (0.1% v/v) at UV 310 nm absorption. We used RT‐PCR to identify cDNAs encoding PAL, C4H, and RAS, and Image J's semi‐quantitative analysis to quantify the expression levels of genes involved in RA production from chosen plant material. The highest levels of PAL, C4H, and RAS were detected, by band intensity, in the leaves and flowers of I. rugosus, which also exhibited a substantial quantity of RA. However, in V. grandiflorum and D. mucronata the transcript of the given genes was low. The concentration of RA ranged from 187.7 to 21.2 mg g−1 for I. rugosus, 17.42 to 5.42 mg g−1 for V. grandiflorum, and 15.19 mg g−1 for D. mucronata. This study demonstrated that the method for quantifying RA from a crude methanolic extract was effective, indicating that I. rugosus might be used as an indigenous alternative source of RA.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Quantification of rosmarinic acid from different plant species of lower Himalayan region and expression analysis of underlying L‐Phenylalanine pathway

Mughees

Farooq

Haq

et al. 2022

Physiologia Plantarum

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“…Each of forward and the revers primers were used to amplify about 350bp of the cDNA. [11] The forward and revers primers were designed using the gene bank (ncbi.Org). Master Mix (DreamTaq TM green PCR Master Mix (2x) containing (DNA polymerase + optimized green buffer + MgCl2 and dNTPs).…”

Section: Molecular Detection Of Phenyl Alanine Ammonia Lyase Gene Mrna Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10] Many reports highlight on the relationship between increase in the comparable PAL gene activity and increase in the phenolic compounds in reaction to various external stimuli. [11] The major phenolic lipids such as anacardic acid, anacardols, cardols and their isomers are produced by going through the phenyl propanoid pathway in Anacardium. Activity of PAL gene has been determined from many plant species but not from A. occidentale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Phenyl Alanine Ammonia Lyase Gene Involved in the Synthesis of Anacardic Acid in Anacardium occidentale L.

Sija

2019

IJPSDR

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Anacardic acids, a class of medicinally and industrially important phenolic compounds is found in a variety of dicotyledonous families chiefly in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L). Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) shows a dominant role in the biosynthesis of poly phenolic compounds, which are involved in the defense mechanism in harsh environments related to various stimuli. The current study was conducted to find out the presence of anacardic acid in ethyl acetate extract of young leaves of cashew using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method and the presence of phenyl alanine ammonia lyase gene also plays a role in the biosynthesis of anacardic acid in young leaves was also confirmed by cDNA synthesis from a cellular mRNA template connected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

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“…PAL is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the phenylpropanoid pathway, an important secondary metabolite pathway. This enzyme plays a major role in the production of several compounds such as anthocyanin, caffeic acid, flavonoid, lignin, and phenylpropanoids [ 6 , 26 , 27 ]. Along with the best candidate, suitable reference gene/s under each experimental condition were also identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in Melissa officinalis L

Bharati

Sen

Kumar

et al. 2023

Plants

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Melissa officinalis L. is well known for its lemon-scented aroma and various pharmacological properties. Despite these valuable properties, the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways in M. officinalis are not yet well-explored when compared to other members of the mint family. For that, gene expression studies using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) are an excellent tool. Although qRT-PCR can provide accurate results, its accuracy is highly reliant on the expression and stability of the reference gene used for normalization. Hence, selecting a suitable experiment-specific reference gene is very crucial to obtain accurate results. However, to date, there are no reports for experiment-specific reference genes in M. officinalis. Therefore, in the current study, ten commonly used reference genes were assessed for their suitability as optimal reference genes in M. officinalis under various abiotic stress conditions and different plant organs. The candidate genes were ranked based on BestKeeper, comparative ΔCt, geNorm, NormFinder, and RefFinder. Based on the results, we recommend the combination of EF-1α and GAPDH as the best reference genes to normalize gene expression studies in M. officinalis. On the contrary, HLH71 was identified as the least-performing gene. Thereafter, the reliability of the optimal gene combination was assessed by evaluating the relative gene expression of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene under two elicitor treatments (gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid). PAL is a crucial gene involved directly or indirectly in the production of various economically important secondary metabolites in plants. Suitable reference genes for each experimental condition are also discussed. The findings of the current study form a basis for current and future gene expression studies in M. officinalis and other related species.

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PAL Gene Activity and Rosmarinic Acid Production in Rosemary Genotypes

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Quantification of rosmarinic acid from different plant species of lower Himalayan region and expression analysis of underlying L‐Phenylalanine pathway

Quantification of rosmarinic acid from different plant species of lower Himalayan region and expression analysis of underlying L‐Phenylalanine pathway

Identification of Phenyl Alanine Ammonia Lyase Gene Involved in the Synthesis of Anacardic Acid in Anacardium occidentale L.

Systematic Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis in Melissa officinalis L

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