Painful and non‐painful comorbidities associated with short‐ and long‐term painful temporomandibular disorders: A cross‐sectional study among adolescents from Brazil, Canada and France

Abstract

Background: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain is common among adolescents. The association between painful TMD and other comorbidities has been demonstrated. However, the difference between short-term (<6 months) and long-term (≥ 6 months) painful TMD is not yet clear. Objective:The aim of this study was to assess the association between comorbidities and short-and long-term painful TMD among adolescents. Methods:In this cross-sectional study, adolescents were recruited from Montreal (Canada), Nice (France) and Arceburgo (Brazil). Self-reported painful TMD, comorbidities, school absence and analgesic intake were assessed using reliable instruments.Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the study aims. Results:The prevalence of short-and long-term painful TMD was estimated at 22.29% and 9.93% respectively. The number of comorbidities was associated with short-(OR = 1.71, 95%CI = 1.53-1.90) and long-term painful TMD (OR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.55-2.08) compared to controls. Frequent headaches (OR short-term = 4.39, 95%CI = 3.23-5.98, OR long-term = 3.69, 95%CI = 2.45-5.57) and back pain (OR short-term = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.06-2.03, OR long-term = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.11-2.59) were associated with both painful TMD groups. Frequent neck pain (OR = 2.23, 95%CI = 1.53-3.26) and allergies were only associated with short-term painful TMD (OR = 1.54, 95%CI = 1.13-2.10). Frequent stomach pain was related to long-term (OR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.35-3.26), and it was the only comorbidity significantly more frequent among the long than short-term TMD (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.14-2.90). These analyses were adjusted by sex, age and city. Conclusion:In this multi-centre study, both short-and long-term painful TMD are associated with frequent headaches and back pain, whereas frequent neck pain and allergies are related to only short-term and frequent stomach pain with long-term painful TMD.

Distribution of anxiety and depression among different subtypes of temporomandibular disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Exclusion of studies considered the following aspects based on the study by Valesan et al 32 : (1) studies published before 1992, i.e. the year that the original RDC/TMD instrument was introduced; (2) in vitro studies or those using animal models; (3) clinical studies whose individuals were diagnosed with migraines, neuropathic facial pain, polyarthritis or bruxism; (4) studies focused on samples of patients with comorbidities such as somatic tinnitus; (5) studies reporting on the use of other instruments rather than RDC/TMD or DC/ TMD for TMD diagnosis; (6) studies that did not evaluate anxiety and/or depression; (7) studies that did not differentiate between distinct subtypes of TMD; (8) case reports, letters, reviews, books, technique articles, guidelines, expert opinion; posters, conference abstracts and pilot studies and (9) when the full text was not possible to retrieve.…”

“…Coronavirus pandemic) and the modern lifestyle can trigger expressive negative events in the psychosomatic system of individuals, causing system overload and the development of TMD. [8][9][10][11] Considering that painful TMD is indeed prevalent, ranging from 13% in seniors 12 to 13-30% in adults 5 and ~22% in adolescents, 7 it has been strongly recommended to implement a painrelated disability assessment at the arrival of new patients or patients facing persistent TMD pain, aiming to better offer adequate treatment decisions and the management of the condition. 13 There are distinct subtypes of TMD typically used to diagnose the overall condition, which may consider the main regions affected in the face.…”

“…Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) consist of a set of dysfunctions involving the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the associated structures, representing the most common cause of non‐dental facial pain 1,2 . While the prevalence of TMD varies worldwide, depending largely on the study location, 3 there are some risk factors strongly associated with its occurrence: (1) women are more frequently affected than men 4–6 ; (2) patients suffering from frequent headaches and back pain have more pain‐related TMD symptoms than non‐sufferers 5,7 and (3) stressful circumstances derived from threatening events (e.g. Coronavirus pandemic) and the modern lifestyle can trigger expressive negative events in the psychosomatic system of individuals, causing system overload and the development of TMD 8–11 .…”

Painful temporomandibular disorders in Confucian‐heritage cultures: Their inter‐relationship with bodily pain, psychological well‐being and distress

“…11 Velly et al examined the relations between TMD pain and painful/ nonpainful comorbidities among Brazilian, Canadian and French adolescents. 12 Frequent headaches and back pain were found to accompany both short-and long-term TMD pain. Furthermore, Nilsson and List determined that TMD pain in adolescence tripled its risk in young adulthood and persistent pain increased psychosocial distress and comorbid bodily pain.…”

“…Moreover, patients with headaches attributed to TMDs have an increased number of bodily pain conditions and a greater number of painful sites in the head and neck regions 11 . Velly et al examined the relations between TMD pain and painful/nonpainful comorbidities among Brazilian, Canadian and French adolescents 12 . Frequent headaches and back pain were found to accompany both short‐ and long‐term TMD pain.…”