Pain in Children: Assessment and Nonpharmacological Management

Srouji, Rasha; Ratnapalan, Savithiri; Schneeweiss, Suzan

doi:10.1155/2010/474838

Cited by 197 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Pain perception in children is complexand children frequently undergo medical procedures that are applied using a needle, such as venipuncture and immunization which considered the most common sources of pain for children causes considerable stress and anxiety for children and their parents [1][2][3][4]. Venipuncture is one of the most widely used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in pediatric patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Buzzy, Distracting Cards and Balloon Inflating on Mitigating Pain and Anxiety During Venipuncture in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Tork¹

2017

AJNS

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Abstract:Background Painful medical procedures in childhood may have long-term negative effects on development and future tolerance of pain, evidence suggests that a significant number of children receive less than optimal management of procedure-related pain Objective The present study aim to investigate the efficacy of three interventions methods (Buzzy, distracting cards and balloon inflating) on mitigating pain and anxiety associated with venipuncture in a group of pediatric patients. Methods A prospective randomized clinical trial with children who required venipuncture and aged 7 to12 years was conducted in a pediatric ED. Data were obtained by conducting interviews with the children, their parents, and the observer. The pain levels of the children were assessed by the parent, observer as well as self-report using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). The anxiety levels of children were assessed using Children Fear Scale (CFS). Results One hundred and eighty children (mean age, 9.3±1.9 years) were included. The pain levels of children showed statistically significant differences between the groups in the self-, observer-and parent-reported procedural pain (p = 0.012, p = 0.036, p = 0.014 respectively).No significant differences were observed between the groups in procedural child anxiety levels according to the parents and observer (p =0. 42, 0.13 respectively). Conclusion The results of the study suggests that the distraction method through Buzzy, distraction cards and balloon inflating are effectively decreased pain levels of children compared with the control group according to self-report, parent-report and observer-report.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Buzzy, Distracting Cards and Balloon Inflating on Mitigating Pain and Anxiety During Venipuncture in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Tork¹

2017

AJNS

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“…Agreeing with the literature, the collaborators in this research also understand that managing pain requires pharmacological and nonpharmacological actions (28)(29) . The children have a tendency to interpret pain management in a concrete manner, only making evaluations such as good, bad, like or does not like.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Living with pain: the experience of children and adolescents in palliative care

Borghi

Rossato

Damião

et al. 2014

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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El estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la experiencia de niños y adolescentes en cuidados paliativos en el manejo diario del dolor. La investigación cualitativa fue realizada con entrevistas semi-estructuradas con seis niños entre siete y 17 años. La teoría del Desarrollo cognitivo de Piaget fue utilizada como Marco teórico y la Historia Oral como Referencial Metodológico. Cuatro temas fueron encontrados: describiendo el dolor; buscando una vida más próxima de la normalidad, a pesar del dolor y la enfermedad; utilizando varias alternativas para el control del dolor y viviendo la autoimagen perjudicada. A pesar del dolor ser un agente limitante en la vida de los niños y adolescentes, verificamos que enfrentaban el dolor diariamente y, que así mismo, tenían vida además del dolor y la enfermedad. Adicionamos, aun, la importancia de los enfermeros comprender que el eficaz manejo del dolor es esencial para una vida mas próxima de la normalidad, reduciendo su sufrimiento. DESCRIPTORES ABSTRACTA qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews with the aim of understanding the experience of children and adolescents under palliative care when managing pain daily and how they describe the intensity, quality and location of pain. We used Piaget's theory of cognitive development as a theoretical framework and oral history as a methodological framework. We found four themes: describing pain; seeking a life closer to normality, despite pain and disease; using a variety of alternatives for pain control; and living with damaged physical appearance. Although pain is a limiting factor in the lives of children and adolescents, we found that they faced their daily pain and still had a life beyond pain and illness. In addition, we highlight the relevance of nurses' understanding that effective management of pain in children is essential for a normal life and less suffering.

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“…13,[39][40] Strategies such as swaddling, oral sucrose, vibratory stimulation, breathing techniques, distraction, and visual imagery have been shown to decrease behavioral distress and pain experience in children during invasive medical procedures. [41][42][43] In addition to advocating for the appropriate use of analgesics, CCLSs are often directly involved in the utilization of nonpharmacologic pain management techniques and coaching or supporting patients and families before and/ or during distressing medical procedures. 44,45 They can also provide valuable education and training to nursing, medical, and other personnel and students, thus supporting health care team member competencies in the provision of developmentally appropriate, psychosocially sound care.…”

Section: Pain Management and Coping Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Life Services

Percelay¹,

Betts²,

Chitkara³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

103

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Child life programs are an important component of pediatric hospital–based care to address the psychosocial concerns that accompany hospitalization and other health care experiences. Child life specialists focus on the optimal development and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults while promoting coping skills and minimizing the adverse effects of hospitalization, health care, and/or other potentially stressful experiences. Using therapeutic play, expressive modalities, and psychological preparation as primary tools, in collaboration with the entire health care team and family, child life interventions facilitate coping and adjustment at times and under circumstances that might otherwise prove overwhelming for the child. Play and developmentally appropriate communication are used to: (1) promote optimal development; (2) educate children and families about health conditions; (3) prepare children and families for medical events or procedures; (4) plan and rehearse useful coping and pain management strategies; (5) help children work through feelings about past or impending experiences; and (6) establish therapeutic relationships with patients, siblings, and parents to support family involvement in each child’s care.

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Pain in Children: Assessment and Nonpharmacological Management

Cited by 197 publications

References 66 publications

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Buzzy, Distracting Cards and Balloon Inflating on Mitigating Pain and Anxiety During Venipuncture in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Buzzy, Distracting Cards and Balloon Inflating on Mitigating Pain and Anxiety During Venipuncture in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Living with pain: the experience of children and adolescents in palliative care

Child Life Services

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