“…Yet studies that have taken into account the "second shift" (Hochschild, 1989), that is, the double burden of being employed and maintaining primary responsibilities for the family and home, have shown that employed women have similar or even higher rates of psychiatric symptoms than housewives (Haavio, 1986). Women who work full time, especially those in managerial and professional jobs (Bartley et al, 1992;Hall, 1992;Rosenfield, 1989;Walters et al, 1996), and who have dependent children (Arber et al, 1985;Hall, 1992) also report more ill-health and depressive symptoms than their part-time or childless counterparts. These findings suggest that for women who work full time and maintain the overall management of the home environment, there may be a threshold where the benefits of paid employment begin to reverse and become deleterious.…”