Paid employment and women's psychological well-being.

Warr, Peter; Parry, Glenys

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.3.498

Cited by 232 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The possible differential effects of employment on men's and women's positive well-being awaits additional investigation (see Baruch, Biener, & Barnett, 1987, Hirsh & Rapkin, 1986, and Warr & Parry, 1982, for relevant theoretical analyses).…”

Section: Employment Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status.

Wood

Rhodes

Whelan

1989

Psychological Bulletin

303

173

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This article reviews all published studies reporting tests for sex differences in well-being. Women were found to report greater happiness and life satisfaction than men. This sex difference was explained in terms of men's and women's social roles: The female (vs. male) gender role specifies greater emotional responsiveness. Furthermore, past role-related experiences provide women with appropriate skills and attitudes. Women's (vs. men's) greater well-being was also found to hold for married but not unmarried Ss: For both sexes the married state (vs. unmarried) was associated with favorable well-being, but the favorable outcomes proved stronger for women than men. Given that most Ss were married, the overall sex difference in well-being can be attributed to Ss' marital status. These findings were discussed in the context of prior research on sex differences in negative well-being.Research on subjective social indicators has demonstrated that one's objective life circumstances do not necessarily correspond to one's personal experience of well-being. The fact, then, that men and women in our society differ in terms of a variety of biological, personality, and situational factors may or may not result in sex differences in subjective quality of life.This article examines whether men and women do differ in evaluations of their life as a whole. The inquiry is limited to consideration of data on positive welbbeing and excludes findings on negative affect and psychological symptomatology. This is because positive and negative affect appem; under some circumstances, to be uncorrelated (Diener, Larson, Levine, & Emmons, 1985; Wart, Barter, & Brownbridge, 1983). I Reports of positive wen-being are best interpreted as indicators of positive domains of experience, separate from negative aspects of one's life circumstances.Prior research on sex differences in subjective life quality has focused almost exclusively on negative affect and psychological symptomatology. Consequently, most theories in this area are tailored to explain the occurrence of men's and women's poor well-being. This work, and the data on which it is based, is presented as a frame of reference for interpreting sex differences in positive well-being.

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Section: Employment Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status.

Wood

Rhodes

Whelan

1989

Psychological Bulletin

303

173

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“…Other research has found no significant difference in the mental health outcomes between employed and unemployed women. [7,[11][12][13][14][15][16] Repetti et al compared the distress levels of employed and unemployed single and married women, and found that employment was associated with improved mental health for both groups. [17] A more recent study, which used a large, national sample, found that mental well-being was positively related to the mother's employment and negatively related to her total number of children.…”

Section: Employmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple roles and women's mental health in Canada

MacLean¹,

Glynn²,

Ansara³

2003

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Health Issue: Research on the relationship between women's social roles and mental health has been equivocal. Although a greater number of roles often protect mental health, certain combinations can lead to strain. Our study explored the moderating affects of different role combinations on women's mental health by examining associations with socioeconomic status and differences in women's distress (depressive symptoms, personal stress (role strain) and chronic stress (role strain plus environmental stressors).Key Findings: Women with children, whether single or partnered, had a higher risk of personal stress. Distress, stress and chronic stress levels of mothers, regardless of employment, or marital status, are staggeringly high. Single, unemployed mothers were significantly more likely than all other groups to experience financial stress and food insecurity. For partnered mothers, rates of personal stress and chronic stress were significantly lower among unemployed partnered mothers. Married and partnered mothers reported better mental health than their single counterparts. Lone, unemployed mothers were twice as likely to report a high level of distress compared with other groups. Lone mothers, regardless of employment status, were more likely to report high personal and chronic stress. Data Gaps and Recommendations:National health surveys need to collect more data on the characteristics of women's work environment and their care giving responsibilities. Questions on household composition should include inter-generational households, same sex couples and multifamily arrangements. Data disaggregation by ethno-racial background would be helpful. Data should be collected on perceived quality of domestic and partnership roles and division of labours.

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“…That has been reported by Rundquist and Sletto (1936) in terms of 'general adjustment' and 'morale', by Cohn (1978) in respect of satisfaction with self, and by Hep worth (1980) in respect of minor psychiatric morbidity and life satisfaction. Warr and Parry (1982) concluded from their literature review and data analyses that among women in general (amongst whom there is no general correlation between psychological health and employment status) having a job is likely to benefit the psychological health of working-class women but not those in middleclass samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social class and psychological ill‐health during unemployment

Payne¹,

Warr²,

Hartley³

1984

Sociology Health & Illness

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This study explores psychological health and the experience of being unemployed for between 6 and 11 months in two social class groups: unskilled and semi-skilled workers v. white-collar, managerial and professional workers. The respondents were British married men aged between 25 and 39. Information was obtained through interviews about financial and other problems, perceived threats associated with unemployment, anxiety, depression, general psychological distress and ratings of general health. It was expected that the working-class sample wotild exhibit poorer psychological health than the middleclass, but this was not confirmed. Medium-term unemployment appeared to have a homogenizing effect, with similarly poor health in both social class samples, although working-class respondents reported significantly greater financial problems and difficulties in filling the time.

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Paid employment and women's psychological well-being.

Cited by 232 publications

References 54 publications

Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status.

Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status.

Multiple roles and women's mental health in Canada

Social class and psychological ill‐health during unemployment

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