Microfabrication techniques are increasingly used in different fields of chemistry to realize structures with capabilities exceeding those of conventional macroscopic systems. In addition to already demonstrated analysis applications (j.tTAS), MEMS microreactor systems are expected to have a number of advantages for chemical synthesis, chemical kinetics studies, and process development. Current efforts in microfabrication and application of microchemical systems are reviewed.Chemical processing advantages from increased heat and mass transfer in small dimensions are demonstrated with model gas, liquid, and multiphase reaction systems. These case studies also serve to illustrate benefits of integrating sensors for flow, temperature, and chemical composition with microfluidic reaction and control components. The role of process simulations in the development of microreaction technology is included along with approaches to scale up via replication of microchemical devices.