Pacing Strategies and Metabolic Responses During 4-Minute Running Time Trials

Watkins, Jonathan; Platt, Simon; Andersson, Erik; McGawley, Kerry

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0341

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…While a self-paced treadmill of this type is uncommon it is not unique, with other research groups describing similar systems within laboratory settings (Stöggl et al, 2007; Losnegard et al, 2012). With reliable performance data, a range of novel laboratory-based studies are possible using running or cross-country roller-skiing, as opposed to the more common mode of cycling, whereby pacing and intervention strategies may be examined in relation to maximal performance (Andersson et al, 2016; Stocks et al, 2016; Watkins et al, 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 10 experimental trials were completed at the same time of day ± 1 h for each individual, in order to control for circadian variance (Reilly and Brooks, 1982). Following the measurement of body mass in minimal clothing participants performed an individualized 10-min warm-up that was standardized prior to each trial and consisted of 5 min of low-intensity running, 3 × 30-s high-intensity intervals separated by 30 s of low-intensity running and finally 2 min of low-intensity running (Watkins et al, 2017). Three minutes after completing the warm-up participants commenced the STEP + VER or RunTT and HR and expired air were measured continuously.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Reliability and Validity of a Four-Minute Running Time-Trial in Assessing V˙O2max and Performance

McGawley

2017

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction: Traditional graded-exercise tests to volitional exhaustion (GXTs) are limited by the need to establish starting workloads, stage durations, and step increments. Short-duration time-trials (TTs) may be easier to implement and more ecologically valid in terms of real-world athletic events. The purpose of the current study was to assess the reliability and validity of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and performance measured during a traditional GXT (STEP) and a four-minute running time-trial (RunTT).Methods: Ten recreational runners (age: 32 ± 7 years; body mass: 69 ± 10 kg) completed five STEP tests with a verification phase (VER) and five self-paced RunTTs on a treadmill. The order of the STEP/VER and RunTT trials was alternated and counter-balanced. Performance was measured as time to exhaustion (TTE) for STEP and VER and distance covered for RunTT.Results: The coefficient of variation (CV) for V˙O2max was similar between STEP, VER, and RunTT (1.9 ± 1.0, 2.2 ± 1.1, and 1.8 ± 0.8%, respectively), but varied for performance between the three types of test (4.5 ± 1.9, 9.7 ± 3.5, and 1.8 ± 0.7% for STEP, VER, and RunTT, respectively). Bland-Altman limits of agreement (bias ± 95%) showed V˙O2max to be 1.6 ± 3.6 mL·kg−1·min−1 higher for STEP vs. RunTT. Peak HR was also significantly higher during STEP compared with RunTT (P = 0.019).Conclusion: A four-minute running time-trial appears to provide more reliable performance data in comparison to an incremental test to exhaustion, but may underestimate V˙O2max.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reliability and Validity of a Four-Minute Running Time-Trial in Assessing V˙O2max and Performance

McGawley

2017

Front. Physiol.

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“…After ∼5 min of seated rest a 2-min baseline

measurement was collected with the participant standing still on the treadmill, after which the exercise test began. The submaximal protocol was conducted as described previously ( Watkins et al, 2017 ), commencing with a 10-min warm-up followed by a series of 4-min incremental stages, which increased by ∼1 km⋅h –1 every 4 min (with incline fixed at 1%). At the end of each 4-min stage, a fingertip blood sample (for blood lactate assessment) and a rating of perceived exertion [RPE: 6–20 point scale ( Borg, 1982 )] were collected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After at least 10 min of rest following the submaximal test, participants completed a 10-min re-warm-up and a 4-min TT as previously described ( Watkins et al, 2017 ). Briefly, the warm-up consisted of 5 min of low-intensity running, 3 × 30-s intervals separated by 30 s of low-intensity running, then 2 min of low-intensity running.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Capacity in Running: The Effect of Computational Method

2021

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IntroductionTo date, no study has compared anaerobic capacity (AnC) estimates computed with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method and the gross energy cost (GEC) method applied to treadmill running exercise.PurposeFour different models for estimating anaerobic energy supply during treadmill running exercise were compared.MethodsFifteen endurance-trained recreational athletes performed, after a 10-min warm-up, five 4-min stages at ∼55–80% of peak oxygen uptake, and a 4-min time trial (TT). Two linear speed-metabolic rate (MR) regression models were used to estimate the instantaneous required MR during the TT (MRTT_req), either including (5+YLIN) or excluding (5-YLIN) a measured Y-intercept. Also, the average GEC (GECAVG) based on all five submaximal stages, or the GEC based on the last submaximal stage (GECLAST), were used as models to estimate the instantaneous MRTT_req. The AnC was computed as the difference between the MRTT_req and the aerobic MR integrated over time.ResultsThe GEC remained constant at ∼4.39 ± 0.29 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 across the five submaximal stages and the TT was performed at a speed of 4.7 ± 0.4 m⋅s–1. Compared with the 5-YLIN, GECAVG, and GECLAST models, the 5+YLIN model generated a MRTT_req that was ∼3.9% lower, with corresponding anaerobic capacities from the four models of 0.72 ± 0.20, 0.74 ± 0.16, 0.74 ± 0.15, and 0.54 ± 0.14 kJ⋅kg–1, respectively (F1.07,42 = 13.9, P = 0.002). The GEC values associated with the TT were 4.22 ± 0.27 and 4.37 ± 0.30 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 for 5+YLIN and 5-YLIN, respectively (calculated from the regression equation), and 4.39 ± 0.28 and 4.38 ± 0.27 J⋅kg–1⋅m–1 for GECAVG and GECLAST, respectively (F1.08,42 = 14.6, P < 0.001). The absolute typical errors in AnC ranged between 0.03 and 0.16 kJ⋅kg–1 for the six pair-wise comparisons and the overall standard error of measurement (SEM) was 0.16 kJ⋅kg–1.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate a generally high disagreement in estimated anaerobic capacities between models and show that the inclusion of a measured Y-intercept in the linear regression (i.e., 5+YLIN) is likely to underestimate the MRTT_req and the GEC associated with the TT, and hence the AnC during maximal 4-min treadmill running.

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“…When the studies on short and medium distances are examined, for example, those who perform better in a 4-minute running race against time were observed to have a more aggressive pacing strategy in the first 2 minutes of run (Watkins, Platt, Andersson, & McGawley, 2017). Similarly, a pacing which has a feature of a 5-minute cycling performance against time with a fast starting strategy is more compared to even strategies with slow starting (Aisbett, Le Rossignol, McConell, Abbiss, & Snow, 2009).…”

Section: Journal Of Educational Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are You a Rabbit or a Turtle? A Comparative Analysis of the Pacing Profiles of the Turkish Origin and Non-Turkish Origin Elite Half-Marathon Athletes

Kaçoğlu

Kırkaya

2020

JEI

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The aim of this research was to designate and compare the pacing profiles of the Turkish and Non-Turkish female and male athletes completed and ranked in the first tenth (n = 79) in the determined half-marathon road races held in Turkey. The pacings of the athletes were divided into 5 separate segments (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-21.1 km) and calculated on the basis of their average transition speed (min:sec/km). The differences both between the pacing profiles of the Turkish and Non-Turkish athlete groups and between the successive segments within the groups were examined separately for women and men with the variance analysis for mixed patterns. According to the results, there was no statistical differences between the pacing profiles of both female and male Turkish and Non-Turkish athletes (p > 0.05). In addition, there was also no difference between the successive segments within the groups (p > 0.05). According to these results, it can be said that the pacing profiles of the Turkish and Non-Turkish elite athletes were similar and close to even pacing profile without a last sprint. Although it was not statistically significant, all the athletes had small decreases in their pacings in the first 15 km of the race. In the last 6.1 km segment, while small increases in the pacings of the Non-Turkish female athletes were observed, the pacings of the Turkish women athletes were more even with small decreases. Considering the whole race, it was seen that the athletes showed pacing profiles close to positive and reverse J-shaped pacing profile.

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Pacing Strategies and Metabolic Responses During 4-Minute Running Time Trials

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The Reliability and Validity of a Four-Minute Running Time-Trial in Assessing V˙O2max and Performance

The Reliability and Validity of a Four-Minute Running Time-Trial in Assessing V˙O2max and Performance

Anaerobic Capacity in Running: The Effect of Computational Method

Are You a Rabbit or a Turtle? A Comparative Analysis of the Pacing Profiles of the Turkish Origin and Non-Turkish Origin Elite Half-Marathon Athletes

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