The aim of this study was to investigate whether the effect of 8 weeks of plyometric training performed on wooden and synthetic surface on volleyball players jump performance. Thirty six male volleyball players whose ages differs between 18-24 were voluntarily participated in this study. All participants were randomly divided 3 groups; wooden surface (n:12), synthetic surface (n:12) and control group (n:12). Wooden and synthetic surface experimental training groups performed 3 days a week for 8 weeks.The training program that include 20 different plyometric exercise drills and these drills performed through that 8 week training period. All tests were performed by the subjects for three groups before and after 8-week plyometric training. SPSS program was used to evaluate the data. Paired samples t test was used to determine the difference between measurements. One-way ANOVA was performed to determine the difference between groups. Statistically significant difference was found after the 8 weeks plyometric training on the vertical and horizontal jump parameters in favor of the experimental group (p<0.05). But, no significant difference was found between wooden and synthetic surface volleyball players jump performance (p>0.05). It is observed that wooden and synthetic surface doesn't affect to jump performance of volleyball players. According to these results plyometric training program effective on jump performance of volleyball players despite this training surface doesn't effect on jumping performance. In conclusion plyometric training on wooden or synthetic surfaces haven't significant differences for improving jumping performance in healthy adult male volleyball players.

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this research is to (i) examine the COVID-19 fear scales according to the contact rate of the sports branch of the athletes and (ii) examine the COVID-19 fear scales according to some demographic variables of the athletes. Material and Methods. Sport Sciences Faculty students athletes (n=176) in sports with different levels of contact voluntarily participated in the current study. The fear of COVID-19 scale consisting of a total of 7 items and demographic information form and a single sub-dimension were applied online via Google® forms to individuals who participated in the study voluntarily. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25.0 statistics package program. Due to the normal distribution of the data, sample t-test independent of parametric tests and one-way analysis of variance tests were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Bonferroni test, one of the multiple comparison tests, was used in order to determine which groups had significance according to the results of the one-way analysis of variance test. The results were tested at a significance level of p <0.05. The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient for the COVID-19 fear scale was found to be 0.88. Results. Statistically significant difference was found between the fears of catching COVID-19 according to the gender of athletes in different branches (p = 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found between the fears of catching COVID-19 according to the educational status of the athletes (p = 0.31). No statistically significant difference found between the fears of catching COVID-19 according to the contact included in the specialty sports of the athletes in different branches (p = 0.56). Statistically significant difference was found between the highest level (professional) and intermediate level (amateur) groups ) in terms of fear of catching COVID-19 (p = 0.02). No statistically significant difference found between the fears of catching COVID-19 (p = 0.08) of the athletes in different branches according to their sports experience. Statistically significant difference was found in terms of fear of catching COVID-19 between the 4-6 years and 7-9 years groups with sports experience (p = 0.02). In addition, it has been revealed that the average scores of COVID-19 fear scales (20.05 ± 4.79) of female athletes are higher than the average scores of male athletes (17.67 ± 6.75).Conclusions. As a result, this research has revealed that the fear of COVID-19 does not differ relative to the contact levels of a specific sports branch. In addition, it has shown that the fear of COVID-19 is greater in female athletes compared to male athletes and lower performance levels and less competition experiences are in fact causing an increase in fear of COVID-19.

Bu araştırmanın amacı tüm beden vibrasyon (TBV) antrenman uygulamasının ünilateral statik dengeye etkilerinin incelenmesidir. Bu çalışmaya 18-22 yaş arası fiziksel olarak aktif ve sağlıklı (kadın:16, erkek:14) 30 birey (yaş: 21.9±2.4 yıl, boy: 173.7±7.1 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 70.0±11.6 kg) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Katılımcılar rastgele eşit olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. TBV antrenmanı bir vibrasyon platformunda 120 0 diz eklem açısında statik squat hareketi sırasında 30Hz frekansta, 2mm genlikle 2x60sn şeklinde uygulanmıştır. Her iki grup aynı vibrasyon antrenmanını uygulamışlardır. Bir gruba vibrasyon antrenmanı sonrası 3dk diğer gruba ise 5dk pasif dinlenme verilmiştir. Vibrasyon öncesi ve sonrası yapılan denge ölçümleri (Sportkat 4000 ®) 30 sn süreli sağ ve sol ayak ünilateral statik denge ölçümlerini içermektedir. Faktöriyel ANOVA sonuçlarına göre vibrasyon sonrası 3 ve 5 dakika dinlenme verilen gruplar arasında tüm denge hata puanlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmadığı görülmüştür (p>0.05). Grup içi farkın belirlenmesi için yapılan eşleştirilmiş örneklem T-testi sonuçlarına göre ise ön test ve son test denge hata puanları arasında farklılık olmadığı görülmüştür (p>0.05). Bu bulgulara göre akut vibrasyon antrenmanının bu parametrelerle uygulanan (2x60sn, 30Hz, 2mm) formunun sağlıklı bireylerde denge yeteneğini geliştirici adaptasyon sağlamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İleride yapılacak çalışmalarda uzun dönem vibrasyon antrenman programlarının veya farklı vibrasyon parametrelerinden oluşan antrenman formlarının dengeye veya atletik performansa etkileri araştırılabilir.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a post activation potential application response in sprinting and change of direction performance. Fifteen physically active, healthy men (age 23.5±2.0 years, height 175.0±7.6 cm, body weight 72.2±8.5 kg, body fat 15.7±2.9 %) voluntarily participated in this study. Cross sectional research design with a single group (n=15) and repeated tests was used and applicants participated in sprint and pro-agility tests 8 minutes after the pre-conditioning (PC) with weight wests that corresponded 5% and 10% of their body weights in different days without pre-conditioning. For PC, 8 minutes before for each 30m sprint and pro-agility tests, they did a resisted running with a weight vest corresponding 5% and 10% of their body weights. Analysis shows that, sprint after PC activity as resistance running with %5 and %10 of body weight (p<0.05) and agility (p<0.05) data showed statistically significant difference. According to the results of Bonferroni post-hoc correction, 30m sprint test times, which were performed 8 minutes after the PC which includes a 30m sprint with weight vests corresponding to 5% of their body weight, showed an increase from control test times, 4.34±0.23 seconds to 4.40±0.24 seconds respectively. This 0.07 second increase is statistically significant (p<0.05). In our study, PAP effect being observed as negative, might be related with the lower body weight percentages of resisted running exercise which was selected for PAP.

ÖZAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı fiziksel temas içeren ve içermeyen sporlarda spor yaralanmasını izleyen süreçte kinezyofobi ve depresyon düzeylerini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmaya en az altı ay önce spor yaralanması geçirmiş 130 erkek sporcu dâhil edildi. Çalışmaya katılan sporcular, bire bir görüşme şeklinde Beck Depresyon Envanteri ve Tampa Kinezyofobi Ölçeği ile değerlendirildi. Ayrıca katılımcılardan geçirmiş oldukları yaralanmaya ilişkin bilgileri değerlendiren bir form doldurmaları istendi. Bulgular: Fiziksel temas içeren ve fiziksel temas içermeyen sporlar arasında kinezyofobi ve depresyon skorları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklılık göstermemektedir (p>0.05). Depresyon skorları ile kinezyofobi skorları arasında korelasyon bulunmadı (r=0.27). Antrenman ve müsabaka sırasında meydana gelen yaralanmalardan sonra belirlenen depresyon skorlarının

Objectives: Inter-limb strength asymmetry is one of the major risk factors for noncontact injuries in sport. The determination of strength asymmetry provides an important information to develop different strategies for injury prevention and risk management in sport. It is not well-known whether inter-limb strength asymmetry differences exist between genders. The aim of this study was to determine the contralateral knee strength asymmetry differences between genders. Material and Methods: Thirty-three physically active but not highly-trained individuals (Age: 21.4±2.9 years, height: 1.75±0.07 m, body weight: 66.2±9.6 kg, body fat ratio: 15.2±5.7 %, BMI: 21.6±2.3 kg/m 2) voluntarily participated in this study. Approximately one week after the familiarization phase, all subjects performed knee isokinetic strength tests at slow (60°.s-1), medium (180°.s-1) and fast (300°.s-1) angular velocities for right and left knee flexion-extension movement. The symmetry angle formula was used to calculate the contralateral strength asymmetry scores between lower-limbs. The differences between symmetry angles and genders were analyzed using independent sample t-test. Results: It was found that flexion and extension isokinetic contralateral knee strength asymmetry scores at slow, medium and fast angular angular velocities did not reveal any statistically significant differences between genders (p>0.05). Conclusions: It has been found that there were no differences between concentric isokinetic knee strength symmetry angle scores between genders at all angular velocities in physically active but not highly-trained individuals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate and delayed effects of the kinesio-taping on the hand grip strength. Six-teen female volleyball players currently competing in Turkey Women’s Volleyball 2nd league (age 18.1±2.3 years, height 172.9±7.3 cm) voluntarily participated in this study. In cross-over research design, all participants participated in a total of 4 different measurements, immediately after kinesio-taping (1), immediately after placebo taping (2), after volleyball training (3), 48h post taping (4). In kinesio-taping, approximately 2-3 cm ends of kinesio-tapes were applied without tension, and the middle region was stretched by approximately 10-15% in “Y-shape”. Hand grip strength measurements were made 4 times on different days that before kinesio-taping, immediately after kinesio-taping, immediately after training and 48 hours after taping with a portable handheld dynamometer. According to the results of the one-way repeated measures ANOVA, the kinesio-taping to forearm didn’t elicit any significant changes in hand grip strength over the conditions (p > 0.05). The results of the current study showed that the kinesio-taping in female volleyball players did not have a significant effect on immediate, right after training and 48 hours after taping, compared to placebo taping measurements in dominant and non-dominant maximal hand grip strength.

Abstract:Electromyostimulation is commonly used for potentiation of muscle strength to supplement voluntary muscle contractions. However, the acute effects of the lower body electromyostimulation on muscle strengthening are poorly known. Fourteen moderately trained men exposed to three lower body electromyostimulation sessions in nonconsecutive days under experimental conditions (30Hz, 100Hz) and control condition (0Hz). Each subject participated in post-tests including squat jump, countermovement jump and dominant concentric knee extension-flexion isokinetic strength at 60, 180, 300ºs-1. All tests performed 90 seconds after a single bout of lower body electromyostimulation with 90º static squat position for 16 seconds (4s Electromyostimulation/4s rest) at maximal tolerated current intensity. Statistical analysis have shown that there are significant increases in jump heights (p<0.05), rating perceived exertion (p≤0.001) and knee flexion torques at 180 and 300ºs-1 angular velocities (p<0.05) for acute electromyostimulation with two experimental conditions compared to control condition. Postactivation potentiation effect of conditioning contractions can be responsible for mechanism under these significant differences. However, there were no significant differences between low and high frequencies regarding 60º, 180º, 300ºs-1 extension and 60ºs-1 flexion knee isokinetic torques (p>0.05) and all jump values (p>0.05). In conclusion, lower body electromyostimulation at low or high frequencies can increase explosive strength regarding high-speed flexion torques and jump height in acute phase of moderately trained men.