Pacific freshwater, river water and sea ice meltwater across Arctic Ocean basins: Results from the 2005 Beringia Expedition

Jones, E. P.; Anderson, Leif G.; Jütterström, Sara; Mintrop, L.; Swift, James H.

doi:10.1029/2007jc004124

Cited by 94 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…3.2.5) may be due to formation processes on the Siberian shelves (Bauch et al, 2009(Bauch et al, , 2011a. Within the Transpolar Drift, Jones et al (2008a) observed IFB patches at depths below 50 m in the Eurasian Basin, vertically isolated from the much shallower summer surface mixed layer. Furthermore, summer observations in the shelf regions of the Laptev and Kara seas from 1999 to 2001 have shown that waters with salinities lower than 30 take different pathways from the shelf than those with higher salinities (Bauch et al, 2005).…”

Section: Changes In the Arctic Ocean Basinsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…1a and Dodd et al, 2012). This method uses a system of linear equations (endmember balance) to derive the aforementioned water mass fractions and fractions of Atlantic Water (AW) from each observed tracer, assuming certain end-member values for each tracer (see also Ekwurzel et al, 2001;Jones et al, 2008a;Yamamoto-Kawai et al, 2008). In addition to further years of observations, the main difference to previous work (Dodd et al, 2009;Rabe et al, 2009) is the inclusion of nitrate and phosphate observations to distinguish PW in the end-member balance.…”

Section: Velocity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These brine maxima have been observed to persist within the Transpolar Drift (e.g. Jones et al, 2008a) to ultimately arrive at the Fram Strait.…”

Section: Tracers and Freshwater In The Arctic Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is in line with the variability we observe in PW transports from our surveys after 2005. The high MW transports in the Fram Strait in 2005 can be linked to strong pulses of river water leaving the Siberian shelves at the end of the 1990s, joining the Transpolar Drift (Anderson et al, 2004;Karcher et al, 2006;Jones et al, 2008a) and reaching the Fram Strait in 2004/2005 (Rabe et al, 2009). Concurrent with our 2005 peak in MW transports, an anomalously strong pulse of southward LFW transport was also observed on the other side of Greenland, in the Nares Strait (Rabe et al, 2010), suggesting a concurrent large-scale advection of MW toward the Arctic export passages.…”

Section: Changes In the Arctic Ocean Basinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid export of Arctic freshwater components through the Fram Strait 1998–2011

et al. 2013

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Abstract. We estimated the magnitude and composition of southward liquid freshwater transports in the East Greenland Current near 79 • N in the Western Fram Strait between 1998 and 2011. Previous studies have found this region to be an important pathway for liquid freshwater export from the Arctic Ocean to the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic subpolar gyre.Our transport estimates are based on six hydrographic surveys between June and September and concurrent data from moored current meters. We combined concentrations of liquid freshwater, meteoric water (river water and precipitation), sea ice melt and brine from sea ice formation, and Pacific Water, presented in Dodd et al. (2012), with volume transport estimates from an inverse model. The average of the monthly snapshots of southward liquid freshwater transports between 10.6 • W and 4 • E is 100 ± 23 mSv (3160 ± 730 km 3 yr −1 ), relative to a salinity of 34.9. This liquid freshwater transport consists of about 130 % water from rivers and precipitation (meteoric water), 30 % freshwater from the Pacific, and −60 % (freshwater deficit) due to a mixture of sea ice melt and brine from sea ice formation.Pacific Water transports showed the highest variation in time, effectively vanishing in some of the surveys. Comparison of our results to the literature indicates that this was due to atmospherically driven variability in the advection of Pacific Water along different pathways through the Arctic Ocean. Variations in most liquid freshwater component transports appear to have been most strongly influenced by changes in the advection of these water masses to the Fram Strait. However, the local dynamics represented by the volume transports influenced the liquid freshwater component transports in individual years, in particular those of sea ice melt and brine from sea ice formation.Our results show a similar ratio of the transports of meteoric water and net sea ice melt as previous studies.

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Section: Changes In the Arctic Ocean Basinsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Velocity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These brine maxima have been observed to persist within the Transpolar Drift (e.g. Jones et al, 2008a) to ultimately arrive at the Fram Strait.…”

Section: Tracers and Freshwater In The Arctic Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Changes In the Arctic Ocean Basinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid export of Arctic freshwater components through the Fram Strait 1998–2011

et al. 2013

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“…Exchange of dissolved O 2 with the atmosphere may lead to an underestimation of f p in the summer mixed layer (Bauch et al, 2011a). Bauch et al (2011a) thus additionally follow the procedure based on N/P presented by Jones et al (1998; and Yamamoto-Kawai et al (2008) using the "pure Pacific water" correlation line [NO x ] = 15.314· [PO 4 ] -14.395 (Jones et al, 2008) and an adjusted "pure Atlantic water" correlation line (Bauch et al, 2011a) [NO x ] = 16.785· [PO 4 ] -1.9126. On the other hand denitrification creates an apparent f p signal and Bauch et al (2011a) use the brine signal (negative fi) to identify this apparent f p within the Transpolar Drift.…”

Section: Balancing the Fresh Water Fraction In The Upper Water Columnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of dissolved barium in distinguishing North American from Eurasian runoff in the Arctic Ocean

et al. 2012

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Dissolved barium has been shown to have the potential to distinguish Eurasian from North American (NA) river runoff. As part of the ARK-XXII/2 Polarstern expedition in summer 2007, Ba was analyzed in the Barents, Kara, Laptev seas, and the Eurasian Basins as well as the Makarov Basin up to the Alpha and Mendeleyev Ridges. By combining salinity, δ 18 O and initial phosphate corrected for mineralization with oxygen (PO 4 *) or N/P ratios we identified the water mass fractions of meteoric water, sea ice meltwater, and marine waters of Atlantic as well as Pacific origin in the upper water column. In all basins inside the lower halocline layer and the Arctic intermediate waters we find Ba concentrations close to those of the Fram Strait branch of the lower halocline (41-45 nM), reflecting the composition of the incoming Atlantic water. A layer of upper halocline water (UHW) with higher Ba concentrations (45-55 nM) is identified in the Makarov Basin. Atop of the UHW, the Surface Mixed Layer (SML), including the summer and winter mixed layers, has high concentrations of Ba (58-67 nM). In the SML of the investigated area of the central Arctic the meteoric fraction can be identified by assuming a conservative behavior of Ba to be primarily of Eurasian river origin. However, in productive coastal regions biological removal compromises the use of Ba to distinguish between Eurasian and NA rivers. As a consequence, the NA river water fraction is underestimated in productive surface waters or waters that have passed a productive region, whereas this fraction is overestimated in subsurface waters containing remineralised Ba, particularly when these waters have passed productive shelf regions. Especially in the Laptev Sea and small regions in the Barents Sea, Ba concentrations are low in surface waters. In the Laptev Sea exceptionally high Ba concentrations in shelf bottom waters indicate that Ba is removed from surface waters to deep waters by biological activity enhanced by increasing ice-free conditions as well as by scavenging by organic matter of terrestrial origin. We interpret high Ba concentrations in the UHW of the Makarov Basin to result from enrichment by remineralisation in bottom waters on the shelf of the Chukchi Sea and therefore the calculated NA runoff is an artefact. We conclude that no NA runoff can be demonstrated unequivocally anywhere during our expedition with the set of tracers considered here. Small contributions of NA runoff may have been masked by Ba depletion and could only be resolved by supportive tracers on the uptake history. We thus suggest that Ba has to be used with care as it can put limits but not yield quantitative water mass distributions. Only if the extra Ba inputs exceed the cumulative biological uptake the signal can be unequivocally attributed to NA runoff.

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Distribution, transport, and production of volatile halocarbons in the upper waters of the ice‐covered high Arctic Ocean

Theorin

Abrahamsson

2013

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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[1] Volatile halogenated compounds (CHBr 3 , CH 2 Br 2 , CHBr 2 Cl, and CH 2 ClI) were measured in the water column and in sea ice brine across the Arctic Ocean, from Barrow, Alaska, to Svalbard, during the Beringia 2005 expedition (August-September) with RV/IB Oden. High concentrations of brominated compounds (up to 42 pmol kg À1 of bromoform) were found under multiyear ice in the surface waters over the Makarov Basin and the Lomonosov Ridge, near the North Pole. Even higher concentrations (bromoform up to 160 pmol kg À1 ) were found in sea ice brine. We propose that the high load of riverine dissolved organic matter that is transported in the Transpolar Drift is a main factor responsible for the high concentration of brominated volatile compounds found in sea ice brine and upper waters and that cycles of freezing and thawing during the transport enhance the transfer of halocarbons to the seawater. The iodinated compound (CH 2 ClI) showed a completely different distribution with highest concentrations in water of Pacific origin in the mixed layer and upper halocline of the northern Canada Basin and over the Alpha Ridge. In the southern Canada Basin, low concentrations of halocarbons were found in upper waters. Higher concentrations in water of Pacific origin, especially on the continental shelf, indicate production in the shelf regions, likely in the Chukchi Sea and the East Siberian Sea.

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Pacific freshwater, river water and sea ice meltwater across Arctic Ocean basins: Results from the 2005 Beringia Expedition

Cited by 94 publications

References 42 publications

Liquid export of Arctic freshwater components through the Fram Strait 1998–2011

Liquid export of Arctic freshwater components through the Fram Strait 1998–2011

Utility of dissolved barium in distinguishing North American from Eurasian runoff in the Arctic Ocean

Distribution, transport, and production of volatile halocarbons in the upper waters of the ice‐covered high Arctic Ocean

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