p‐Element‐Doped Graphene: Heteroatoms for Electrochemical Enhancement

Abstract

Graphene is finding important applications in electrochemistry. Here, we discuss how the doping of graphene with heteroatoms, namely boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, change the electrochemical properties of the material. In addition, we summarize the different doping routes and show that the process has an influence upon electrochemical properties.

One‐pot Synthesis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Co‐doped Graphene and Its Use as High‐performance Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

“…The introduction of N atoms into the graphene lattice structure (n‐type doping of graphene) increases the electron‐carrier concentration in graphene for ORR . On the other hand, P, another group VA element, is similar to N with an electronegativity value (2.19, Pauling scale) that is lower than that of N (3.04, Pauling scale) . It was proved that P‐doped graphenes indeed exhibited a much stronger n‐type effect than N‐doped graphenes .…”

Residual metals present in “metal-free” N-doped carbons

“…1,[4][5][6][7][8][9] The characteristics of low cost and high efficiency of DCM have been demonstrated equally effective as their precious metal counterparts such as Pt, driving more sights into this specific area. 2 For instance, the Ndoped graphene/carbon nanotube complex, reported by Dai group, showed superior activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in both acid and base electrolytes, resembling the precious Pt catalyst. 10 Also the highly comparable performance of water splitting was found with the N-doped DCM electrode relative to a precious IrO 2 electrode.…”

“…[1][2][3] Various types of MFCs have been fabricated based on doped carbon materials (DCM), widely spanning their applications in energy-related fields, especially in electrocatalysis of the reduction/evolution of oxygen and hydrogen. 1,[4][5][6][7][8][9] The characteristics of low cost and high efficiency of DCM have been demonstrated equally effective as their precious metal counterparts such as Pt, driving more sights into this specific area.…”

Modification of TiO2 Nanotubes with PtRu/Graphene Nanocomposites for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction

“…To avoid the aggregation, dissolution, and sintering of metal nanoparticles during the ORR, a potential solution might be to anchor/disperse nanoparticles on specific supports while reducing or even negating the use of capping agents . Graphene comprises a robust two‐dimensional (2D) sheet of sp 2 ‐hybridized carbon, which has emerged as a most auspicious substrate . It is considered as an ideal platform for the growth or anchoring of functional nanomaterials, such as metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles, by providing a high surface area, enhanced mobility of charge carriers, and high stability .…”