Ozone Transport

Ozone generation over rural areas

“…Our estimates of generation and transport of ozone over long distances (100 km) are supported by several observations: Altshuller (25) reports that the urban Los Angeles ozone time ( h) Figure 3. Ozone mixing ratio vs. time in urban plume Numbers on curves refer to case numbers defined in Table II plume extends at least 160 km downwind; Cleveland and Kleiner (1) found elevated ozone in the Camden-Philadelphia urban plume up to 49 km downwind: Transport of ozone and precursors in the urban plume from New York City is found to cause a large part of excess ozone concentrations throughout the state of Connecticut, up to 200 km away from the New York metropolitan area (2,26). We furthermore note that the generation and transport of ozone in the St. Louis urban plume (3) is simulated rather well in the present chemical model (11).…”

“…This has raised interesting questions about the degree of anthropogenic influence on tropospheric ozone. Measurements in urban plumes provide evidence that elevated ozone concentrations are correlated with increased release of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides within the urban area, and that ozone is transported over long distances (1)(2)(3)(4). Furthermore, measurements (5,6) have shown that ozone has accumulated in rural areas in the midwestern U.S., well outside any identifiable plume in quiet, sunny weather, with maximum values during the sunlit periods.…”

Ozone sources and transport in the northeastern United States

“…Results of these and other studies indicate transport of ozone and its precursors across regional boundaries is an important source of ozone in downwind rural and even urban areas. Analysis of data collected in the northeastern United States (10)(11)(12)(13) suggested that transport of ozone into and within the Northeast is also a significant factor in determining peak oxidant concentrations in this area.…”

Evidence of an additive effect for ozone plumes from small cities

“…However, if properly designed and handled, this process may easily meet or exceed normal effluent requirements. With recent and rapid increases in energy costs, attempts have been made to improve the treatment efficiency of the activated sludge processes (2)(3)(4)(5). Despite this, recent surveys reveal that about half of the sewage treatment plants in the United States are not removing the amount of pollutants for which they were designed (6).…”