Ozone Formation, Destruction and Exposure in Europe and the United States

Stockwell, William R.; Kramm, Gerhard; Scheel, H.E.; Mohnen, Volker A.; Seiler, W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59233-1_1

Cited by 75 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Such a hypothesis is also unsupported by the facts that the initial outbreaks are reported to have occurred more than 40 yr ago (Diamandis, 1978) when ozone levels were, in general, lower than today. Furthermore, it is not supported by the fact that the outbreaks of the ' top dying ' disease occur in coastal areas (Diamandis, 1978(Diamandis, , 1979a where exposure of Norway spruce to ozone is lowest (Stockwell et al, 1997 ;Ska$ rby et al, 1998). The results do not contradict the hypothesis (Diamandis, 1979b) that an inability to control water loss is a factor in outbreaks of the ' top dying ' syndrome.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 71%

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Response to three seasons of elevated ozone in the progeny of healthy and unhealthy Norway spruce trees from a plantation with the ‘top dying’ syndrome

1999

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We tested a hypothesis that elevated ozone was an eliciting or contributing factor in outbreaks of the ' top dying ' (or ' subtop dying ') syndrome in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Progeny were used from open-pollinated trees within a stand with the ' top dying ' syndrome. The mother trees were classified in relation to the expression of the ' top dying ' syndrome, and progeny from the healthiest and least healthy thirds of the population were exposed to high and low concentrations of ozone for three seasons. Elevated ozone did not affect height growth of the trees. It did not measurably affect net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance or instantaneous water use efficiency. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were also not significantly affected by ozone concentration. In the first year, instantaneous water use efficiency was lower in the progeny of the unhealthy mother trees than in the healthy mother trees. Furthermore, the unhealthy mother trees tended to produce longer annual shoots and showed more winter damage at the end of the experiment. None of these parameters were related to ozone concentration in the atmosphere. These results do not support a hypothesis that elevated ozone is a significant contributory factor or an eliciting factor in the development of the syndrome.

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Section: mentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The levels of ozone of the NF and NF50 treatments were about half of those of similar studies on Norway spruce made in the south of Sweden . Both to the immediate north-east (south Sweden) and to the south of Denmark higher levels of ozone are sometimes reported (Stockwell et al, 1997) but not always (Ska$ rby et al, 1998).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to three seasons of elevated ozone in the progeny of healthy and unhealthy Norway spruce trees from a plantation with the ‘top dying’ syndrome

1999

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“…During the past century, tropospheric ozone (O $ ) concentrations in Europe and the USA have more than doubled, and according to Stockwell et al (1997) they are presently rising by 1-2% yr −" . The level varies with time, and within and between regions.…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses to ozone in 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica): genotypic variation and chamber effects on photosynthesis and dry‐matter partitioning

Paludan-Müller¹,

Saxe²,

Leverenz³

1999

New Phytologist

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Seedlings of 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were exposed to ambient, non-filtered air (NF) or NFj50 nl l −" ozone (NF50) for 8 h d −" in open-top chambers (OTCs), from 1 June to 4 October 1995. In 1996 exposure was continued from 31 May to 1 October at four levels : charcoal-filtered air (CF), NF, NF50 and NFj100 nl l −" ozone (NF100). Provenances were grown for both seasons in outside reference plots. All treatments were replicated. Ozone did not affect gas exchange in the provenances until late in the second season. NF100 reduced photosynthesis by 18% in August 1996 compared to CF. In September, photosynthesis was reduced by 22% in NF50 and by 29% in NF100. After two seasons, ozone reduced the root : shoot ratio by 24% when comparing CF and NF100 ; this was caused by reductions in the root biomass. Ozone did not affect height growth or stem diameter, and there were no ozoneiprovenance interactions for any growth parameter. There was, however, a significant ozoneiprovenance interaction for photosynthesis, showing northwest European provenances to be more sensitive to ozone than southeast European provenances when comparing dose-response estimates. This is interpreted in terms of genetic adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to regional growing conditions. Seedlings in the chambers grew 45% taller, and had 28% more shoot biomass and 29% smaller root biomass, resulting in a 44% reduction of root : shoot ratios compared to seedlings outside. Increased temperature and decreased PAR inside the chambers relative to the outside were probably the main causes for the differences. The magnitude of the chamber effects in OTCs raises doubts about conclusions drawn from ozone exposures in such chambers. This and previous ozone experiments with OTCs may have reached inaccurate conclusions concerning the size of ozone responses due to chamber effects.

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“…The tropospheric concentration of ozone (O $ ) has risen over the past century and continues to increase in Europe at a rate of between 1n5 and 2n1% yr −" (Stockwell et al, 1997). Current ambient levels of the pollutant are already a cause for some concern, since the gas is known to cause widespread crop loss and changes in the composition of natural plant communities in many developed regions of the world (UN-ECE, 1996).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of plant age on ozone resistance in Plantago major

Lyons¹,

Barnes²

1998

New Phytologist

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$ on growth and reproductive performance confirmed the sensitivity of the population to the pollutant. In the absence of the development of typical visible symptoms of foliar damage, the total d. wt of plants maintained in O $ over a 56-d period was 35 % lower than that of control plants. However, the impact of the pollutant was found to decrease as plants aged. Plant relative growth rate (R E ) was only affected in seedlings, suggesting that effects of O $ on seedling growth were largely responsible for the decrease in accumulated biomass ; the growth rate of older plants was not affected by O $ . The observed shift in O $ resistance with plant age was mediated by both ' acclimation ' and ontogenetic changes. ' Acclimation ' was not associated with changes in O $ uptake, and there was some evidence to support the existence of compensatory growth responses. In addition to effects on vegetative growth, plants exhibited an O $ -induced decline in reproductive performance ; O $ reducing the number of flower spikes and seed capsules produced per plant. Ozone episodes administered at different stages of development indicated that reproductive development was particularly sensitive to O $ during the early stages of flowering.The findings of this study are discussed in relation to evolutionary adaptation to O $ in natural plant communities.The importance of plant age, prior exposure to the pollutant and the timing of O $ episodes in relation to plant developmental stage are highlighted.

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Ozone Formation, Destruction and Exposure in Europe and the United States

Cited by 75 publications

References 71 publications

Response to three seasons of elevated ozone in the progeny of healthy and unhealthy Norway spruce trees from a plantation with the ‘top dying’ syndrome

Response to three seasons of elevated ozone in the progeny of healthy and unhealthy Norway spruce trees from a plantation with the ‘top dying’ syndrome

Responses to ozone in 12 provenances of European beech (Fagus sylvatica): genotypic variation and chamber effects on photosynthesis and dry‐matter partitioning

Influence of plant age on ozone resistance in Plantago major

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