OZM Ball Drop Impact Tester (BIT‐132) vs. BAM Standard Method – a Comparative Investigation

Gruhne, Michael S.; Lommel, Marcus; Wurzenberger, Maximilian H. H.; Szimhardt, Norbert; Klapötke, Thomas M.; Stierstorfer, Jörg

doi:10.1002/prep.201900286

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, measurements of the salts’ sensitivity toward ball drop impact according to MIL-STD 1751A (method 1016) were carried out. , This type of impact test is intended to produce more realistic results, because a combination of friction and impact is applied to the substance . It was found that substances less sensitive toward friction were also less sensitive toward the ball drop impact test.…”

Section: Results and Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…A slight correlation between ball drop impact sensitivity and BAM impact sensitivity was observed in the case of compound 18 (BDIS = 28 mJ, IS ≤ 1 J) but not for the only slightly less sensitive complexes 16 (BDIS > 200 mJ, IS = 2 J), 17 (BDIS = 200 mJ, IS = 2 J), and 20 (BDIS > 200 mJ, IS = 9 J) (Figure ). A correlation between sensitivity toward friction was also not observed in the case of the ECCs, which is contrary to our earlier findings …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Ethylenedinitramine as a Versatile Building Block in Energetic Salts, Cocrystals, and Coordination Compounds

et al. 2021

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Ethylenedinitramine (H 2 EDN, 1) was prepared in a simple manner and with a high overall yield by direct nitration of 2imidazolidinone using 100% HNO 3 at 0 °C and subsequent hydrolysis in water at 100 °C. The versatility of 1 allows its application as starting material for a broad range of different materials. It was used for the preparation of both various salts and cocrystalline materials incorporating varying amounts of the TATOT moiety. Furthermore, H 2 EDN was successfully applied in the concept of energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) resulting in five copper(II) and two silver(I) complexes. A reaction path for the direct precipitation or slow crystallization of 17 different salts, including several alkali, alkaline earth, silver, and nitrogenrich samples, is presented. The substances were extensively characterized by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis (EA), IR spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), proving their high thermal stability, especially of the alkali salts. In addition, 1 and all salts were characterized by 1 H, 13 C, and 14 N NMR, whereas 1 was also investigated using the beneficial 1 H− 15 N HMBC NMR spectroscopy. The sensitivities toward various mechanical stimuli according to BAM standard methods, as well as ball drop impact and electrostatic discharge (ESD) were determined using the BAM 1-out-6 method. Hot plate and hot needle tests were performed, followed by further characterization of the copper(II)-based ECCs through laser ignition experiments and UV−vis spectroscopy, offering new candidates for nontoxic, less sensitive laser-ignitable materials. Several detonation parameters were calculated using EXPLO5 (V6.05.02).

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Section: Results and Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Ethylenedinitramine as a Versatile Building Block in Energetic Salts, Cocrystals, and Coordination Compounds

et al. 2021

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“…For the most commonly used primary explosives lead azide (LA RD‐1333) and lead styphnate (LS) these sensitivities were determined to 0.45–1 N and 7–8 J (LS) as well as ≤0.1 N and 4 J (LA RD‐1333). [ 34 , 35 ] For explosives ignited by laser irradiation, however, less sensitive substances are also suitable, which drastically reduces the risk potential during production, processing, and storage of the respective energetic materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensitivities obtained for compounds 5 (IS = 8 J, BDIS > 200 mJ, FS = 120 N), 6 (IS = 2 J, BDIS = 28 mJ, FS = 5 N), 7 (IS = 2 J, BDIS > 28 mJ, FS = 3 N), 13 (IS = 2 J, BDIS = 180 mJ, FS = 120 N), and 15 (IS = 3 J, BDIS > 200 mJ, FS = 240 N) are either very low, or very high, which is consistent with our earlier findings. [34] It is assumed that there is a strong correlation between low sensitivity toward friction and ball drop impact. However, in the case of compounds 2, 3, and 11 the results do not match our previous results.…”

Section: Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Access to the Dinitramide Anion – The Use of Dinitraminic Acid for the Preparation of Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Copper(II) Complexes

Gruhne¹,

Wurzenberger²,

Lommel³

et al. 2021

Chemistry A European J

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Dinitraminic acid (HN(NO 2 ) 2 , HDN) was prepared by ion exchange chromatography and acid-base reaction with basic copper(II) carbonate allowed the in situ preparation of copper(II) dinitramide, which was reacted with twelve nitrogen-rich ligands, for example, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 1-methyl-5H-tetrazole, di(5H-tetrazolyl)-methane/-ethane/-propane/butane. Nine of the complexes were investigated by lowtemperature X-ray diffraction. In addition, all compounds were investigated by infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for selected compounds. Further-more, investigations of the materials were carried out regarding their sensitivity toward impact (IS), friction (FS), ball drop impact (BDIS) and electrostatic discharge (ESD). In addition, hot plate and hot needle tests were performed. Complex [Cu(AMT) 4 (H 2 O)](DN) 2 , based on 1-amino-5-methyltetrazole (AMT), is most outstanding for its detonative behavior and thus also capable of initiating PETN in classical initiation experiments. Laser ignition experiments at a wavelength of 915 nm were performed for all substances and solid-state UV-Vis spectra were recorded to apprehend the ignition mechanism.

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“…While computational models and simulations have been developed in order to predict energetic material sensitivity, − empirical data are still required for accurate assessments. Many methods are available for the sensitivity testing of energetics; − however, varying analysis and instrumentation can make comparison of those results difficult. Despite efforts by the United Nations to standardize many of these sensitivity tests, variations in testing conditions can result in a range of values for a particular energetic, particularly when it comes to impact testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Ignition Sites for the Explosives 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) Using Crush Gun Impact Testing

et al. 2021

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The handling safety characteristics of energetic materials must be measured in order to ensure the safe transport and use of explosives. Drop-weight impact sensitivity measurements are one of the first standardized tests performed for energetics. They utilize a small amount of the explosive sample and a standard weight, which is dropped on the material from various heights to determine its sensitivity. While multiple laboratories have used the impact sensitivity test as an initial screening tool for explosive sensitivity for the past 60 years, variability exists due to the use of different instruments, different methods to determine the initiation, and the scatter commonly associated with less-sensitive explosives. For example, standard explosives such as 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) initiate reliably and consistently on the drop-weight impact test, whereas insensitive explosives such as 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) exhibit variability in sound levels and the expended material. Herein we investigate the impact sensitivity of DAAF and HMX along with a more detailed investigation of ignition sites using a novel “crush gun” apparatus: a pneumatically powered drop-weight tower with advanced diagnostics, including high-speed visual and infrared cameras. Using this crush gun assembly, the ignition sites in HMX and DAAF were analyzed with respect to the effects of particle size and the presence of a source of grit. The formation of ignition sites was observed in both explosives; however, only HMX showed ignition sites that propagated to a deflagration at lower firing speeds. Finally, the presence of grit particles was shown to increase the occurrence of ignition sites in DAAF at lower firing speeds, though propagation to a full reaction was not observed on the time scale of the test. These results enable a better understanding of how ignition and propagation occurs during the impact testing of DAAF.

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OZM Ball Drop Impact Tester (BIT‐132) vs. BAM Standard Method – a Comparative Investigation

Cited by 32 publications

References 19 publications

Investigation of Ethylenedinitramine as a Versatile Building Block in Energetic Salts, Cocrystals, and Coordination Compounds

Investigation of Ethylenedinitramine as a Versatile Building Block in Energetic Salts, Cocrystals, and Coordination Compounds

A Smart Access to the Dinitramide Anion – The Use of Dinitraminic Acid for the Preparation of Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Copper(II) Complexes

Analysis of Ignition Sites for the Explosives 3,3′-Diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX) Using Crush Gun Impact Testing

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