Oxytetracycline and Oxolinic Acid Residues in Kuruma Prawn(Penaeus japonicus) and the Effect of Cooking Procedures on the Residues.

Abstract

Tissue distribution and residue depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxolinic acid (OA) were studied in the kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus). The prawn were kept in tanks with recirculated artificial seawater at a salinity of 22ῐ23̮. The water temperature was maintained at 25̮. The average body weight was 22.94.9 g for OTC and 22.53.6 g for OA. The drug was mixed with the diet and orally administered through a catheter to the prawn. The doses of OTC and OA, respectively, were 50 mg/kg body weight. At each sample time, four prawns were sacrificed and tissues were sampled. OTC and OA levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. At the highest levels, the concentrations of OTC were in the order: shell (13.57 mg/g)̮hemolymph (12.20 mg/mL)̮muscle (8.30 mg/g). For OA, the order was: shell (20.74 mg/g)̮hemolymph (7.06 mg/mL)̮muscle (2.05 mg/g). The elimination half-lives of hemolymph and muscle were 44.7 and 46.8 hours for OTC and 55.0 and 107.9 hours for OA, respectively. Residual OTC could not be detected in hemolymph and muscle at 20 days after dosing. Residual OA disappeared from hemolymph and muscle at 25 days after dosing. A 25-day period for OTC and 30-day period for OA could be regarded as the proper withdrawal time established for kuruma prawn by the Pharmaceutical Law in Japan. However, the elimination half-lives of shell for OTC and OA could not be calculated because both drug residues persisted in shell tissues, and the elimination phase was not completed during the experimental period. Residual OTC (14.102.26 mg/g, n̮6) and OA (0.320.06 mg/g, n̮7) were detected in exuviae at 3 days and 4 days after dosing, respectively. Residual OTC was reduced to 50ῐ70̮ in muscle by the usual methods of cooking (boiling, baking at 200̮ and frying at 180̮), whereas reduction levels in shell were only 20ῐ30̮. Residual OA was reduced to 20ῐ30̮ in muscle and shell by the cooking. These results confirm that the cooking procedures could only reduce but not completely eliminate these drug residues in prawn.

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oxytetracycline in vannamei shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and the effect of processing on the residues in muscle and shell

“…In addition, OTC residues in shell were considerably thermostable. Similar findings have been reported for OTC residues in muscle and shell from P. japonicus and P. monodon (Uno 2002;Uno et al 2006). On the contrary, OTC residues in shell were considerably reduced ([80%) by the acid treatment because the Ca-tetracycline chelates were released from shell into hydrochloric acid solution.…”

“…On the contrary, OTC was accumulated and retained strongly in the shell. In our previous study, OTC accumulated in the shell tissue of P. japonicus (Uno 2002) and P. monodon (Uno et al 2006) because Ca-tetracycline chelates were a considerable stabilizing factor.…”

“…It has potential for use in farm-raised shrimp for the treatment of vibriosis like Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. There are many studies on the pharmacokinetics and residues of OTC in marine and freshwater shrimp (Mohney et al 1997;Bermúdez-Almada et al 1999;Brillantes et al 2001;Uno 2002Uno , 2004Sangrungruang et al 2004;Reed et al 2004Reed et al , 2006Weifen et al 2004;Uno et al 2006;Poapolathep et al 2008a, b), but limited information of OTC dispositions in P. vannamei is available (Chiayvareesajja et al 2006;Nogueira-Lima et al 2006;Faroongsarng et al 2007;Gómez-Jimenez et al 2008). …”

Environmental fate and pharmacokinetics of sulphamethazine inFenneropenaeus chinensisshrimp production systems after oral administration

“…Differently to OTC, there is not a group in the structure of SM 2 that is able to chelate calcium. However, previous studies reported that OTC accumulated in the shell of P. japonicus and P. monodon because Ca‐tetracycline chelates were a considerable stabilizing factor (Uno ; Uno et al . ).…”

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties and P‐glycoprotein expression in pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei after oral administration at three dosages of oxolinic acid

“…Studies concerning the pharmacokinetics (PK) of OXA have been conducted in numerous cold‐water fish species, including Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) (, & Smith, 2), rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) (Björklund, Eriksson, & Bylund, ) and Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus ) (Samuelsen & Ervik, ). However, most of these studies were conducted with fish species and less information has been obtained for the PK of antimicrobials in crustaceans (Uno, ). In addition, compared with fish, shrimp have completely different anatomies of the digestive tract and hepatopancreas (Dall, ) and compared with vertebrates, these animals have slower metabolisms and pharmaceutical excretion (Ceccaldi, ).…”