Oxygenates for Advanced Petroleum-Based Diesel Fuels: Part 1. Screening and Selection Methodology for the Oxygenates

Natarajan, Mani; Frame, Edwin A; Naegeli, D. W.; Asmus, Tom; Clark, Wendy; Garbak, J.; Manuel, A.; González, D.; Liney, Eleanor; Piel, W. J.; Wallace, James P.

doi:10.4271/2001-01-3631

Cited by 83 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…As it is well known, oxygenated compounds could improve Diesel fuel performance [6,7]. They induce reduction in particulate emissions and/or improvement in cetane index of the fuel [8][9][10].…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerin for New Biodiesel Formulation

Jaecker-Voirol

Durand

Hillion

et al. 2008

Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP

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Résumé -Formulation d'un nouveau biocarburant Diesel à base de glycérol -Les biocarburants sont une alternative intéressante pour limiter les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, améliorer la qualité de l'air et trouver de nouvelles ressources énergétiques. Pour les moteurs Diesel, les esters d'huiles végétales, provenant de la transestérification des huiles végétales, ont montré leur potentiel comme carburants alternatifs. Toutefois, la transestérification engendre systématiquement la formation de glycérine (ou glycérol). Trouver un débouché, pour ce glycérol, est fondamental pour la filière des esters d'huiles végétales. En parallèle, les composés oxygénés ont montré leur potentiel pour réduire les émissions de particules des moteurs Diesel. Transformer le glycérol en un dérivé oxygéné, miscible au gazole, pourrait être une solution très prometteuse. Différents composés oxygénés dérivés du glycérol, tels que des acétals, des éthers et des carbonates ont été synthétisés et évalués en mélange dans du gazole. Notre objectif était d'évaluer leur potentiel par rapport à des mélanges contenant de l'EMC (Ester Méthylique de Colza), en terme d'émissions de polluants sur différentes technologies moteurs, et de sélectionner le plus prometteur. Le GTBE (ter-butyl ethers de glycérol) s'est avéré le plus intéressant et a été mélangé avec du biodiesel tout en restant dans les limites des critères physico-chimiques de la norme EN 14214. Ce nouveau biocarburant (92,5 % EMC + 7,5 % GTBE + 1000 ppm pro cetane) a été incorporé dans du gazole à hauteur de 5 % vol. et comparé à un mélange contenant 5 % d'EMC. Après différents tests menés sur véhicule et sur moteur, en se focalisant sur les émissions de polluants et d'éventuels problèmes d'encrassement, nous pouvons conclure que l'utilisation de ce nouveau biocarburant ne présente pas d'inconvénient technique. La décision d'utiliser ce dérivé du glycérol dans la formulation des gazoles sera donc gouvernée par des critères économiques. Abstract

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Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerin for New Biodiesel Formulation

Jaecker-Voirol

Durand

Hillion

et al. 2008

Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP

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“…Secondly, some chemical kinetic processes may exist for ethanol-diesel blends that either reduce soot formation or inhibit wall deposition. As discussed earlier, molecular structure effects have been shown to be important for soot reduction [6,15,17,28]; the location of oxygen atoms within the fuel molecule can be important. Ethanol may therefore chemically inhibit soot formation more effectively than another fuel with an equivalent oxygen content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The first four fuel additive formulations were typical of many oxygenated fuels, having oxygen bound directly to carbon atoms in the additives. These fuel blends were expected to affect soot formation in a similar way to that observed for other oxygenated fuels [6,13,15,17]. Ethanol was added to the first three of the these conventional oxygenated fuels, using a small amount of succinimide (a dispersant).…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…References [15] and [16] contain recent reviews of many oxygenated fuel studies. Overall, most studies show that increasing oxygen content in the fuel yields decreases exhaust-soot emissions under many operating conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, most studies show that increasing oxygen content in the fuel yields decreases exhaust-soot emissions under many operating conditions. Furthermore, many studies show that the structure of the fuel molecule affects diesel soot, and fuels with similar oxygen content but different molecular structure can have significantly different effects on diesel soot [6,15,17]. Other configurations of oxygen within the fuel molecule for which oxygen is not bound to any carbon atoms may also affect soot formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of diesel fuel combustion-modifier additives on In-cylinder soot formation in a heavy-duty Dl diesel engine.

Musculus

Dietz²

2005

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Based on a phenomenological model of diesel combustion and pollutant-formation processes, a number of fuel additives that could potentially reduce in-cylinder soot formation by altering combustion chemistry have been identified. These fuel additives, or "combustion modifiers," included ethanol and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol dinitrate (a cetane improver), succinimide (a dispersant), as well as nitromethane and another nitro-compound mixture. To better understand the chemical and physical mechanisms by which these combustion modifiers may affect soot formation in diesel engines, in-cylinder soot and diffusion flame lift-off were measured, using an optically-accessible, heavy-duty, direct-injection diesel engine.A line-of-sight laser extinction diagnostic was employed to measure the relative soot concentration within the diesel jets ("jetsoot") as well as the rates of deposition of soot on the piston bowl-rim ("wall-soot"). An OH chemiluminescence imaging technique was utilized to measure the lift-off lengths of the diesel diffusion flames so that fresh oxygen entrainment rates could be compared among the fuels. Measurements were obtained at two operating conditions, using blends of a base commercial diesel fuel with various combinations of the fuel additives.The ethanol additive, at 10 % by mass, reduced jet-soot by up to 15%, and reduced wall-soot by 30-40%. The other fuel additives also affected in-cylinder soot, but unlike the ethanol blends, changes in in-cylinder soot could be attributed solely to differences in the ignition delay. No statistically-significant differences in the diesel flame lift-off lengths were observed among any of the fuel additive formulations at the operating conditions examined in this study. Accordingly, the observed differences in in-cylinder soot among the fuel formulations cannot be attributed to differences in fresh oxygen entrainment upstream of the soot-formation zones after ignition.

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Fuels for Engines and the Impact of Fuel Composition on Engine Performance

Mueller

Cannella

Kalghatgi

2014

Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering

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Fuel is required for an engine to produce work. Reciprocating internal combustion engines are classified by the manner by which this fuel is ignited: spark ignition (SI) or compression ignition (CI). The specific effects of changing a given fuel property depend on many detailed parameters of the engine and combustion strategy in which the fuel is used, as well as the conditions over which the engine is operated. SI engines typically perform better with higher volatility fuels that resist autoignition (gasolines), while conventional CI engines tend to perform better with fuels exhibiting the opposite volatility and autoignition characteristics (diesel fuels). Fuels and engine technologies are currently evolving, however, and as a result, these historical fuel distinctions may become less relevant in the future. As such, it is important to understand how the chemical composition of a fuel determines its operational attributes, including autoignition quality and volatility, as well as many others. This chapter provides a broad overview of topics related to the selection and use of fuels for reciprocating internal combustion engines, including the following: petroleum‐based, alternative, and renewable fuel production techniques; the compositional characteristics of liquid‐ and gas‐phase fuels; key physical and chemical properties of fuels; and the specifications that have been developed to ensure that fuels perform as required in their given applications. The chapter concludes with a brief summary and outlook for the future of fuels for reciprocating internal combustion engines.

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Oxygenates for Advanced Petroleum-Based Diesel Fuels: Part 1. Screening and Selection Methodology for the Oxygenates

Cited by 83 publications

References 16 publications

Glycerin for New Biodiesel Formulation

Glycerin for New Biodiesel Formulation

Effects of diesel fuel combustion-modifier additives on In-cylinder soot formation in a heavy-duty Dl diesel engine.

Fuels for Engines and the Impact of Fuel Composition on Engine Performance

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