Oxygen reduction performance measurements: Discrepancies against benchmarks

Abstract

Oxygen electrocatalysis is crucial for renewable energy conversion and storage technologies. Specifically for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the primary reaction that determines performance and costs. The ORR activity and durability are commonly assessed using a rotating disk electrode (RDE). However, there are numerous inconsistencies in the RDE measurements among researchers when comparing newly developed ORR catalysts to state‐of‐the‐art ones. These inconsistencies in activity and durability evaluation and deviations from standard protocols result in irreproducible screening and benchmarking of electrocatalysts. Despite the fact that the US Department of Energy has established and regularly revises the standard protocols, many reported studies do not adhere to these guidelines. This perspective aims to draw attention to the discrepancies in ORR activity and stability measurements at RDE as primary screening and emphasizes implementing the mandatory standard for a meaningful comparison of ORR activity and durability. We intend to emphasize the use of available ORR test standards ubiquitously for more accurate comparisons and accelerate the development of fuel cell catalysts.

Surface plasmon assisted photoelectrochemical carbon dioxide reduction: progress and perspectives

“…Similarly, it is reported that the activation energies for CO 2 RR in dry reforming of methane have been reduced 30% below the thermal activation by the plasmonic coupling effect of Pt and Au NPs. 76–78 Furthermore, the investigations also showed the abundance of multi-carbon compounds synthesized and favorable C–C coupling on the photoexcited Ag surface (Fig. 2a).…”

Brief review: Applications of nanocomposite in electrochemical sensor and drugs delivery

“…Phosphate- and carboxylate-rich compounds are the ligands that are considered to be designed for bone targeting. Few small drugs ( Hochdorffer et al, 2012 ; Cole et al, 2016 ; Tauro et al, 2017 ; David et al, 2019 ), macrocyclic chelators ( Minoshima et al, 2019 ; Zaman et al, 2023 ), fluorescent dyes ( Liu et al, 2008 ; Bao et al, 2015 ; Zaman et al, 2023 ), nucleic acids ( Liu et al, 2008 ), cyclodextrin ( Liu et al, 2008 ), fullerene C 60 ( Kubícek et al, 2005 )[230], proteins ( Kubícek et al, 2005 ), polymers, nanomaterials, and cells were conjugated to the ligands to endow these molecules and species with bone-homing properties ( Gonzalez et al, 2002 ).…”

Bridging oxygen reduction performance gaps in half and full cells: challenges and perspectives

“…10,11 Besides, the standards established by the Department of Energy (DOE) are primarily for MEA testing. 12 Therefore, applying the MEA standards for RDE testing results in substantial inaccuracies in RDE measurements, making the RDE results less reliable. In this review, we discuss the differences in operating conditions and protocols between ORR measurements in half and full cells and propose potential perspectives to address this challenge for standard ORR evaluations.…”