Oxide Scale Behavior in High Temperature Metal Processing

Krzyżanowski, Michał; Beynon, John H.; Farrugia, Didier

doi:10.1002/9783527630318

Cited by 75 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…The approaches developed earlier for joint numerical solution of the heat and non-equilibrium mass transfer in gaseous and solid phases for investigation of alloying kinetics during laser treatment of metals offer possibilities to take into consideration elementary processes defining kinetics of gas-solid interactions such as molecule dissociation, chemisorptions of the dissociated atoms, energy transferred to the metal particles during the dissociation process and intensity of gas emission out of the metal [43,44]. A detailed finite element analysis using a physically based oxide-scale model can be a crucial aspect towards understanding and prediction of oxide-scale behaviour [45]. Metallurgical mechanisms, for example alloying when processing metal-metal powder mixtures or changes in the state of aggregation under semisolid conditions, are considered and modelled in the metallurgical submodel, taking into account the obtained history of the temperature field including heating and cooling rates.…”

Section: Model Of Powder Bed Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powder bed generation in integrated modelling of additive layer manufacturing of orthopaedic implants

Krzyżanowski

Svyetlichnyy

Stevenson

et al. 2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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This paper presents an original model of powder bed generation developed within the frame of an integrated modelling approach for studying the interaction of physical mechanisms in additive layer manufacturing (ALM) of orthopaedic implants. The model is based on cellular automata (CA) approach and describes the relationship between moving particles of different sizes during deposition on a surface in three dimensions. The surface is defined by the horizontal two-dimensional CA on which particles fall and irreversibly stick to a growing deposit. The model allows for consideration of different restructuring cases when particles are allowed to rotate as often as necessary until achievement of a local minimum position. Changes in the packing density of the powder bed have been investigated numerically depending on technological parameters, such as particle size distribution, deposition rate and sequence of powder deposition. The model has been developed with the aim of merging to the finite element (FE)-based integrated model and is applicable to a different ranges of materials including metals and also non-metals.

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Section: Model Of Powder Bed Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powder bed generation in integrated modelling of additive layer manufacturing of orthopaedic implants

Krzyżanowski

Svyetlichnyy

Stevenson

et al. 2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…As the stock enters the roll gap, it is drawn in by frictional contact with the roll, which is moving faster than the stock surface at entry. This produces a longitudinal tensile stress in the stock surface ahead of contact with the roll [13,14]. The oxide scale can have transvers cracks or delamination by the tensile stress [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of oxide scale on ferritic stainless steel B445J1M and its tribological effect in hot rolling

Cheng

Jiang

Zhao

et al. 2015

Wear

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Severe sticking occurs in the hot rolling of ferritic stainless steel B445J1M. The characteristics of the oxide scale on the steel in hot rolling are associated with this phenomenon. The tensile failure of the oxide scale formed on the steel B445J1M was investigated by using a Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator over temperature range from 1000 to 1150°C in humid air. Two passes hot rolling were carried out on a 2-high Hille 100 experimental rolling mill. The results show that the temperature is a significant factor for the formed thickness of the oxide scale and its failure in tensile stress. On the specimen before hot rolling, irregular spinels are extruded from the surface of a thin oxide scale with Cr2O3 as its main component, which are hard and brittle at lower rolling temperature. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication DetailsCheng, X., Jiang, Z., Zhao, J., Wei, D., Hao, L., Peng, J., Luo, M., Ma, L., Luo, S. & Jiang, L. (2015 AbstractSevere sticking occurs in the hot rolling of ferritic stainless steel B445J1M. The characteristics of the oxide scale on the steel in hot rolling are associated with this phenomenon. The tensile failure of the oxide scale formed on the steel B445J1M was investigated by using a Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator over temperature range from 1000 to 1150 °C in humid air. Two passes hot rolling were carried out on a 2-high Hille 100 experimental rolling mill. The results show that the temperature is a significant factor for the formed thickness of the oxide scale and its failure in tensile stress. On the specimen before hot rolling, irregular spinels are extruded from the surface of a thin oxide scale with Cr 2 O 3 as its main component, which are hard and brittle at lower rolling temperature.

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“…Hcp a o = 3.607; c o = 3.925 [66] 44.22 125 [61] 1.5 CoO cubic a o = 4.254 [67,68] 75.44 189 [66] 1.12 [62] NiO cubic a o = 4.173 [66,68] 72.67 230 to 260 [62,63] 1.5 [62] CrO cubic a o = 4.1 [69] 68.92 -1.5 NiCr 2 O 4 cubic a o = 8.32 [70] 573.9 106.6 [62] 0.57 [62] FeO cubic a o = 4.334 [72] 81.41 130 [74] 1.7 [75] a-Fe 2 O 3 rhombohedral a o = 4.99; c o = 13.61 [73] 338.6 219 [74] 1.7 [75] c-Fe 2 O 3 cubic a o = 8.40 [73] 591.92 208 [74] 1.7 [75] parameters that enhance K th also reduce the crack growth rates at K > K th by reducing the near-tip crack driving force. The beneficial effects of transformation toughening, however, diminish with increasing K levels above K th as the relaxed crack-tip stress field approaches the K-field, as shown in Figure 9.…”

Section: ½20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Crack Growth Thresholds of Ni-Base Superalloys

Chan

2014

Metall Mater Trans A

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A micromechanical model has been developed for predicting the time-dependent crack growth threshold and its variability by considering oxide formation or cavity formation ahead of an elastic crack subjected to a sustained load at a stress intensity factor, K, at elevated temperatures in air. It is demonstrated that stress relaxation associated with a volume-expansion process such as the formation of creep cavities or oxides with a positive transformation strain can induce residual stresses at the tip of the elastic crack. The near-tip residual stresses must be overcome by the external load, thereby instigating a growth threshold, K th , for the onset of time-dependent crack growth. This micromechanical framework provides the basis for developing appropriate predictive models for the time-dependent crack growth thresholds associated with several damage processes, including (1) oxidation-assisted intergranular crack growth, (2) K-controlled creep crack growth along an intergranular path, and (3) stress corrosion cracking. The micromechanical threshold models have been utilized to predict the time-dependent crack growth thresholds of a variety of Ni-base superalloys. The material parameters that contribute to the variability of the time-dependent crack growth thresholds have been identified and related to variations of mixed oxides or creep cavities formed near the crack tip. A size scale effect is also predicted for the transformation toughening phenomenon, which is largest at or below K th but diminishes at increasing K levels above the threshold. Finally, the micromechanical models are utilized to identify means for suppressing time-dependent crack growth in Ni-base alloys.

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Oxide Scale Behavior in High Temperature Metal Processing

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Powder bed generation in integrated modelling of additive layer manufacturing of orthopaedic implants

Powder bed generation in integrated modelling of additive layer manufacturing of orthopaedic implants

Investigation of oxide scale on ferritic stainless steel B445J1M and its tribological effect in hot rolling

Time-Dependent Crack Growth Thresholds of Ni-Base Superalloys

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